Effect of temperature on the electrical properties of nanocrystalline CaTi1−x Fe x O3−Δ perovskite

Abstract

Calcium titanate nanopowder doped with high content (1 M%) of iron was synthesized using simple sol-gel method. The four obtained samples were post-sintered at 100, 500, 900, and 1250°C to get soft agglomerates of nanocrystalline perovskites, which were deagglomerated by wet milling process using ethanol as a medium. The general stoichiometric formula for iron-doped CaTiO 3 was symbolized as CaTi 1-x Fe x O 3-d . The crystallographic structure of perovskites was found to be orthorhombic for all the four samples. The real and imaginary parts of the impedance values of sintered samples as a function of frequency were obtained using complex impedance spectroscopy. All the instrumental parameters were calibrated before initiating the measurements. The frequency range was set between 0.01 Hz and 1 MHz, and AC bias voltage was maintained at 50 mV. The objective of this work was to find the economical relevance of pioneering materials for electronic applications such as hydrogen production in fuel cells, solar plant, ferroelectric memory devices, microwave resonators, and sensible membranes as they are cheap and readily available, and can be prepared using controllable synthesis in a commercial laboratory.

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“…The physical and optical properties of perovskites have been used in a number of applications like electronics, electro-optics, etc. 7−10 Perovskites are one of the most important crystallographic families with general stoichiometry of ABX 3 . 11 Oxides (ABO 3 ) 12,13 and metal trihalide perovskites (CsPbX 3 ; here, X = Cl, Br, and I) 14 have recently gained wide interest in electronics, photovoltaics, nanotechnology, and biotechnology industries.…”

“…11−13 Interestingly, perovskite metal oxides exhibited a variety of interesting physical properties, including ferroelectric, dielectric, pyroelectric, and piezoelectric behaviors. 10 During the past decades, composite materials such as transition/rare-earth metal-doped perovskite materials (ABO 3 ) have been prepared and studied for their unique properties. 13…”

“…The physical and optical properties of perovskites have been used in a number of applications like electronics, electro-optics, etc. − Perovskites are one of the most important crystallographic families with general stoichiometry of ABX 3 . Oxides (ABO 3 ) , and metal trihalide perovskites (CsPbX 3 ; here, X = Cl, Br, and I) have recently gained wide interest in electronics, photovoltaics, nanotechnology, and biotechnology industries. − Oxides of ABO 3 type, with A being a metal, B being titanium, and O being oxygen, have gained wide attention due to their applications in different technologically relevant fields. − Interestingly, perovskite metal oxides exhibited a variety of interesting physical properties, including ferroelectric, dielectric, pyroelectric, and piezoelectric behaviors . During the past decades, composite materials such as transition/rare-earth metal-doped perovskite materials (ABO 3 ) have been prepared and studied for their unique properties …”

“…11−13 Interestingly, perovskite metal oxides exhibited a variety of interesting physical properties, including ferroelectric, dielectric, pyroelectric, and piezoelectric behaviors. 10 During the past decades, composite materials such as transition/rare-earth metal-doped perovskite materials (ABO 3 ) have been prepared and studied for their unique properties. 13 The composition of a naturally occurring sand, ilmenite (with a general formula of MTiO 3 ), including metals (M) such as nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) among others, has been assessed for its unique optical properties.…”