Effect of temperature and pore fluid on the strength of porous limestone

Lisabeth, H. P.; Zhu, Wenlu

doi:10.1002/2015jb012152

Cited by 32 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…Figure shows that the presence of water induced significant weakening in SML (i.e., the onset of C* at a given effective pressure was reduced when the samples were wet). A weakening effect of water on limestone was also reported by Lisabeth and Zhu () and Nicolas et al (). Baud et al () interpreted the measured weakening on SML using the micromechanical model previously used to model stress‐induced grain crushing (Zhang et al, ).…”

Section: Mechanical Datasupporting

confidence: 74%

Inelastic Compaction in High‐Porosity Limestone Monitored Using Acoustic Emissions

et al. 2017

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We performed a systematic investigation of mechanical compaction and strain localization in Saint‐Maximin limestone, a quartz‐rich, high‐porosity (37%) limestone from France. Our new data show that the presence of a significant proportion of secondary mineral (i.e., quartz) did not impact the mechanical strength of the limestone in both the brittle faulting and cataclastic flow regimes, but that the presence of water exerted a significant weakening effect. In contrast to previously published studies on deformation in limestones, inelastic compaction in Saint‐Maximin limestone was accompanied by abundant acoustic emission (AE) activity. The location of AE hypocenters during triaxial experiments revealed the presence of compaction localization. Two failure modes were identified in agreement with microstructural analysis and X‐ray computed tomography imaging: compactive shear bands developed at low confinement and complex diffuse compaction bands formed at higher confinement. Microstructural observations on deformed samples suggest that the recorded AE activity associated with inelastic compaction, unusual for a porous limestone, could have been due to microcracking at the quartz grain interfaces. Similar to published data on high‐porosity macroporous limestones, the crushing of calcite grains was the dominant micromechanism of inelastic compaction in Saint‐Maximin limestone. New P wave velocity data show that the effect of microcracking was dominant near the yield point and resulted in a decrease in P wave velocity, while porosity reduction resulted in a significant increase in P wave velocity beyond a few percent of plastic volumetric strain. These new data highlight the complex interplay between mineralogy, rock microstructure, and strain localization in porous rocks.

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Section: Mechanical Datasupporting

confidence: 74%

Inelastic Compaction in High‐Porosity Limestone Monitored Using Acoustic Emissions

et al. 2017

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“…Most porous rock data are for sandstones, which typically show, under high confinement, a significant reduction of permeability with the onset of shear‐enhanced compaction (Heffer, ; Zhu & Wong, ). Similar investigations of permeability evolution in porous carbonate rocks are limited; nevertheless, the data of Yale and Crawford () for a suite of carbonate rocks (with total porosities ranging from 14% to 42%) and more recent data of Dautriat et al () for Estaillades limestone (porosity 29%), Lisabeth and Zhu () for Indiana limestone (porosity 16%), and Brantut et al () for Purbeck limestone (porosity 14%) show an overall trend of compaction‐induced permeability that is qualitatively similar to the extensive data on sandstones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…The investigation of Dautriat et al () on Estaillades limestone has provided new insights into permeability anisotropy and the dependence on loading paths. Lisabeth and Zhu's () study of Indiana limestone has highlighted the chemical effect of water and temperature on failure and permeability evolution. However, because the range of confining pressure in both studies was somewhat limited, it is difficult to draw broader conclusions on the influence of stress and failure mode.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Stress on Limestone Permeability and Effective Stress Behavior of Damaged Samples

Meng

Baud

et al. 2019

JGR Solid Earth

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The evolution of permeability and its effective stress behavior is related to inelastic deformation and failure mode. This was systematically investigated in Indiana and Purbeck limestones with porosities of 16% and 14%, respectively. High-pressure compression tests were conducted at room temperature on water-saturated samples. At relatively high confinement shear-enhanced compaction was observed to initiate at a critical stress, accompanied by significant permeability reduction of up to a factor of~3. Overall, the permeability reduction due to inelastic compaction in our limestones is smaller than that observed in sandstones. At relatively low confinement, dilatant failure was observed, which was accompanied by a decrease and increase of permeability in Indiana and Purbeck limestones, respectively. There seems to be a trend for the correlation between porosity and permeability changes to switch from positive to negative with increasing porosity. The void space of both limestones has significant proportions of macropores and micropores. The effective stress behavior of such a limestone with dual porosity has been documented to be different from the prediction for a microscopically homogeneous assemblage, in that its effective stress coefficients for permeability and pore volume change may attain values significantly >1. In contrast, our investigation of damaged samples consistently showed effective stress coefficients for both permeability and pore volume change with values <1. This suggests that the behavior in the damaged samples is akin to that of a microscopically homogeneous assemblage, possibly due to pervasive collapse of macropores that would effectively homogenize the initially bimodal pore size distribution.

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“…Since deionized water was used, we expect initially ionic exchange between a limestone sample and the pore fluid, until sufficient calcite has been dissolved and the saturation state of the fluid is in equilibrium with the rock. From experimental observation and model calculation, Lisabeth and Zhu () concluded that the temperature‐dependent dissolution kinetics of calcite is such that pore fluid saturation and equilibrium would require about 50 hr at a temperature of 25 °C. In this study the total duration for saturating and seasoning a sample typically exceeded 3 days, well above the time necessary for equilibrating the fluid‐rock system.…”

Section: The Limestones and Experimental Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective Stress Law for the Permeability and Deformation of Four Porous Limestones

et al. 2018

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A fundamental question in rock physics is how the coupling of confining stress and pore pressure influences geophysical properties, which is manifested by the effective stress behavior of the porous rock. We investigated the effective stress behavior of four water‐saturated limestones with porosities ranging from 13% to 30%. Unlike previous experimental studies limited to the permeability, we also characterized the effective stress coefficients for pore volume change and bulk strain. The pore spaces of three of the limestones (two allochemical oolitic and one micritic) have significant fractions of macropores and micropores. In these three limestones with dual porosity the effective stress coefficients for permeability and pore volume change were observed to be consistently greater than 1, even though that for axial strain was less than 1. In a microscopically homogeneous assemblage, the effective stress coefficients for permeability, bulk volumetric strain, and pore volume change are predicted to be equal to or less than unity. Our data therefore show that these limestones cannot be modeled as microscopically homogeneous. Berryman (1992a, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JB01593) and Berryman (1992b, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.46.3307) analyzed theoretically a rock made up of two porous constituents, and our experimental data are in agreement with inequalities he derived for effective stress coefficients of such an assemblage. For comparison, we studied the Leitha limestone that is made up predominately of macropores. Our data showed that all three effective stress coefficients in this case were less than unity, as predicted for a microscopically homogeneous assemblage.

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Effect of temperature and pore fluid on the strength of porous limestone

Cited by 32 publications

References 81 publications

Inelastic Compaction in High‐Porosity Limestone Monitored Using Acoustic Emissions

Inelastic Compaction in High‐Porosity Limestone Monitored Using Acoustic Emissions

The Effect of Stress on Limestone Permeability and Effective Stress Behavior of Damaged Samples

Effective Stress Law for the Permeability and Deformation of Four Porous Limestones

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