Effect of temperature and concentration of precursors on morphology and photocatalytic activity of zinc oxide thin films prepared by hydrothermal route

Heinonen, Saara; Nikkanen, Juha-Pekka; Hakola, Hanna; Huttunen-Saarivirta, Elina; Kannisto, Matti; Hyvärinen, Leo; Järveläinen, Matti; Levänen, Erkki

doi:10.1088/1757-899x/123/1/012030

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…As a result, 1D-FZO was easier to grow even with shorter reaction time. Then, as the temperature increased, their size were also increased and this finding is similar to the results of a previous study by Heinonen et al [31].…”

Section: Doped Processsupporting

confidence: 91%

Optimization of a Hydrothermal Growth Process for Low Resistance 1D Fluorine-Doped Zinc Oxide Nanostructures

Napi

Sultan

Ismail

et al. 2019

Journal of Nanomaterials

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Design of Experiment (DOE) has been used for the optimization of a hydrothermal growth process of one-dimensional fluorine-doped zinc oxide (1D-FZO). Box-Behnken design was used in the DOE which includes three design points on each of the synthesis condition parameters. The condition parameters were the gold sputtering time (10 s, 15 s, and 20 s), hydrothermal reaction time (3 hours, 6.5 hours, and 10 hours), and hydrothermal temperature (50°C, 75°C, and 100°C). This statistical method of DOE was used to study the effects of these hydrothermal conditions on the quality of 1D-FZO produced. Au nanoparticles were used as the catalyst to enable the growth of the 1D-FZO. The XRD and EDX analysis confirmed the formation of polycrystalline FZO with the presence of fluorine, zinc, and oxygen elements. SEM observations indicated that the sputtering time of the Au nanoparticles has significant effect on the morphology and growth process of 1D-FZO. The lowest resistance value of 22.57 Ω was achieved for 1D-FZO grown with the longest Au sputtering time at growth temperature below 100°C.

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Section: Doped Processsupporting

confidence: 91%

Optimization of a Hydrothermal Growth Process for Low Resistance 1D Fluorine-Doped Zinc Oxide Nanostructures

Napi

Sultan

Ismail

et al. 2019

Journal of Nanomaterials

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“…The quality of the ZnO films is typically determined regarding surface uniformity, transparency, conductivity, and crystalline orientation [27]. This quality is strongly affected by many factors such as the sol aging time [28,29], the concentration of the precursor [30][31][32][33], and the preheating and the postannealing temperatures [31,34,35]. In our previous paper [19], we studied the influence of the precursor concentration and annealing treatment on the structural and optical properties of sol-gel ZnO thin films.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Solvents and Stabilizer Molar Ratio on the Growth Orientation of Sol-Gel-Derived ZnO Thin Films

Bekkari

Jaber²,

Labrim

et al. 2019

International Journal of Photoenergy

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This work targets to control the growth orientation of sol-gel-derived ZnO thin films in order to allow different modes of excitation (longitudinal and transverse) when targeted to be used in piezoelectric applications. For that, the effect of solvents and stabilizer molar ratio on the structural and optical characteristics of the obtained films is investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The XRD results show clearly that the synthesized films exhibit hexagonal wurtzite structure without any secondary phases and that the crystallite average size, estimated by the Scherrer formula, is ranged between 13 and 30 nm. The main finding of this work is to show that the control of the crystalline growth orientation is possible simply by varying the solvent nature and/or the stabilizer molar ratio. These later parameters are therefore considered as key factors when seeking to develop the ZnO-based transducers. Actually, the ZnO thin films synthesized with propanol as solvent are oriented only along the c-axis; meanwhile, when using the isopropanol or ethanol, other preferential orientations appear. Additionally, the effect of MEA molar ratio (r) has been studied on the propanol-derived films (the unfavorable case). It has been found that this parameter has a direct effect on the crystalline growth orientation of these films and that a new preferential orientation (100) appears at low r. On the other hand, SEM images show the formation of homogeneous nanocrystalline thin films with an average grain size ranged between 19 and 35 nm. Moreover, the ZnO thin films exhibit a high transparency in the visible region, and the measured transmittance is ranged from 85 to 97%. However, the change of ZnO film orientation has no significant effect on the direct bandgap energy which is closed to 3.30 eV.

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“…This plethora of complex morphologies appears because ZnO crystals exhibit exposed surfaces with low surface energy values and with both polar and non-polar natures. This behavior causes relative rates of crystal surface growth to be modulated by temperature, reaction time, and the presence of a surfactant, a capping agent, counterions, or a solvent in the synthesis process [ 23 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Back to the Basics: Probing the Role of Surfaces in the Experimentally Observed Morphological Evolution of ZnO

et al. 2023

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Although the physics and chemistry of materials are driven by exposed surfaces in the morphology, they are fleeting, making them inherently challenging to study experimentally. The rational design of their morphology and delivery in a synthesis process remains complex because of the numerous kinetic parameters that involve the effective shocks of atoms or clusters, which end up leading to the formation of different morphologies. Herein, we combined functional density theory calculations of the surface energies of ZnO and the Wulff construction to develop a simple computational model capable of predicting its available morphologies in an attempt to guide the search for images obtained by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The figures in this morphology map agree with the experimental FE-SEM images. The mechanism of this computational model is as follows: when the model is used, a reaction pathway is designed to find a given morphology and the ideal step height in the whole morphology map in the practical experiment. This concept article provides a practical tool to understand, at the atomic level, the routes for the morphological evolution observed in experiments as well as their correlation with changes in the properties of materials based solely on theoretical calculations. The findings presented herein not only explain the occurrence of changes during the synthesis (with targeted reaction characteristics that underpin an essential structure–function relationship) but also offer deep insights into how to enhance the efficiency of other metal-oxide-based materials via matching.

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Effect of temperature and concentration of precursors on morphology and photocatalytic activity of zinc oxide thin films prepared by hydrothermal route

Cited by 10 publications

References 4 publications

Optimization of a Hydrothermal Growth Process for Low Resistance 1D Fluorine-Doped Zinc Oxide Nanostructures

Optimization of a Hydrothermal Growth Process for Low Resistance 1D Fluorine-Doped Zinc Oxide Nanostructures

Effect of Solvents and Stabilizer Molar Ratio on the Growth Orientation of Sol-Gel-Derived ZnO Thin Films

Back to the Basics: Probing the Role of Surfaces in the Experimentally Observed Morphological Evolution of ZnO

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