“…As noted by Wachtel (1984), any effort to assess the validity of the unconscious "is incomplete without coming to terms with this remarkable body of work" (p. xi). SPA studies, however, were shown to suffer from methodological difficulties (e.g., see Balay & Shevrin, 1988;Fudin, 2001Fudin, , 2002, and numerous attempts to replicate these findings have been unsuccessful (e.g., Condon & Allen, 1980;Hapsel & Harris, 1982;Porterfield & Golding, 1985). Although meta-analyses show "that some SPA effects are genuine and that the SPA method is a valid means for testing psychoanalytic dynamic propositions" (Weinberger & Hardaway, 1990, p. 751; see also Hardaway, 1990), according to Fudin and Benjamin (1992), many SPA studies with negative findings were not considered, and the ratio between supportive and nonsupportive studies is 1:1, and not 4:1 as had been reported (see Hardaway, 1990).…”