“…For instance, one of the most important variations, resulted from shifting the size to the nanometer range is the transformation of atomic structure and broadening of band gap in nano ceria [14]. Several synthesis techniques including solid state reaction [15], polyol method [16], electro-synthesis [17], gel-combustion [18], hydrothermal [19,20], precipitation [21,22], composite-hydroxide-mediated (CHM) approach [23] and other methods [24,25], have been proposed to prepare nanosized cerium dioxide powders. The main factors governing the size of the obtained powders are synthetic route, pH gradient, environmental conditions, temperature, pressure, and time [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25].…”