Effect of surfactant on the formation and dissociation kinetic behavior of methane hydrate

Improving Water Spray Efficacy for Fire Suppression via CO2 Addition at High Pressures and Low Temperatures: Evidence for CO2 Clathrate Hydrate Formation

“…17,19 For a steady-state continuous flow system, however, no simple gas consumption or system variable fluctuation analogues exist.…”

“…SLS is a surfactant, and surfactants similar to SLS have been shown to promote hydrate formation in batch systems. 16,17 Data obtained from this study may be used to design more effective fire-fighting systems, which may appeal to a broad range of applications in the fire-fighting industry.…”

“…13,14 The random nature of hydrate nucleation has presented significant difficulty in understanding the complex nucleation mechanism, 12 This paper describes a technique for achieving a compact aqueous spray that incorporates CO2 into the spray at low temperatures (T < 10°C) and high pressures (P > 10 MPa). A high-pressure spray apparatus was used to explore the effects of temperature (4-25°C), nominal CO2 mole fraction (0-0.12), in-line filter pore size (0.5-7 ím), and additives on the high-pressure (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19) water spray patterns. Divergence of the high-pressure H2O-CO2 spray was significantly reduced at low temperatures, with addition of sodium lauryl sulfate or aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF), and with a small-pore-size (0.5 ím) filter.…”

“…[16][17][18] Hence, the prediction of hydrate formation based on previously observed kinetics is unreliable, and experiments are required to investigate the formation of gas hydrate in a continuous system. Motivated by the potential for spray-pattern improvement offered by the concept of CO 2 hydrate formation, we conducted an experimental study to examine the potential for incorporating CO 2 into an aqueous stream at low temperatures and high pressures.…”

Features of single- and multicomponent gas hydrates formation

“…Adding of 0.05-1.00 g/l surfactants in water solutions produces an effect of step-like increase in the hydrate forming process (for some gases by a factor of ten and more) [15,16]. The explanation for this effect is that the presence of surfactants causes formation of porous hydrates, in which capillary forces cause influx of fluid to the hydrate formation interface, facilitating continuous renovation of "fluid-gas" interphase surface and hydrates intensive growth.…”