Effect of surface characteristics on the antibacterial properties of titanium dioxide nanotubes produced in aqueous electrolytes with carboxymethyl cellulose

Abstract

Nanotubular structures were produced on a commercially pure titanium surface by anodization in an aqueous electrolyte that contained carboxymethyl cellulose and sodium fluoride. The internal diameters obtained were about 100, 48, and 9.5 nm, respectively. Several heat treatments at 200, 350, and 600 C were made to produce nanotubes with different titanium dioxide polymorphs (anatase, rutile). All tested surfaces were superhydrophilic, this behavior was maintained after at least 30 days, regardless of the heat treatment. Although in previous works the nanotube features effect on the bacteria behavior had been studied; this item still unclear. For the best of our knowledge, the effect of small internal diameters (about 10 nm) with and without heat treatment and with and without ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on the bacteria strains comportment has not been reported. From our results, both the internal diameter and the postanodized treatments have an effect on the bacteria strains comportment. All nanotubular coatings UV treated and heat treated at 350 and 600 C; despite they have different inner diameters, inhibit the bacteria growth of both Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. The nanotubular coatings obtained at 20 V and heat treated at 350 C produced the lower bacteria adhesion against both strains evaluated.

Encapsulation and Release of Doxorubicin from TiO2Nanotubes: Experiment, Density Functional Theory Calculations, and Molecular Dynamics Simulation

“…The water contact angles for the pristine Ti foil and the anodized TiO 2 nanotubes were measured as 40.2° and 16.3°, respectively (Figure S2, SI), showing the highly hydrophilic character of TiO 2 nanotubes. The value for the TiO 2 nanotubes as anodized is in line with the reported values, while for post-anodization annealed or plasma or UV-treated samples, far smaller values were reported. ,, In view of these studies, our value of about 16° means that the TiO 2 tubes were not collapsed or recrystallized during storage. For the PEG-coated TiO 2 nanotubes, the contact angle increased to 33.0° for the fully capped and coated sample (50%).…”

“…Thus, the water contact angle is excellent although the measure is simple for the hydrophilic or hydrophobic nature of a material. TiO 2 surfaces usually show high wettability and very small contact angles in keeping with their general hydrophilic character. − At the same time, the wettability of the TiO 2 nanotubes depends on the tube dimensions, surface roughness, and the presence of intrinsic impurities or impurities incorporated from electrolytes. − For example, reactive plasma or UV light treatment greatly enhanced the hydrophilicity of TiO 2 nanotubes . PEG as a coating or capping agent might drastically modify the hydrophilicity and thus the wettability of surfaces and tube entrances, which is pivotal for drug release. , …”

Extension of hydrophilicity stability by reactive plasma treatment and wet storage on TiO2nanotube surfaces for biomedical implant applications

“…Different surface heating methodologies are reported to modify the crystal structure of Ti such as thermal heating, cold plasma or ions bombardment [13,14,23,34]. Usually, the methodologies applied for the transformation of the crystalline phase use high temperatures and a greater amount of time, reporting minimal morphological changes or small volume reductions [35,36]. Moreover, the process of transforming from the amorphous phase to anatase is important for mechanical endurance.…”

Formation of highly ordered TiO2 nanotubes on Ti6Al4V alloys manufactured by electron beam powder bed fusion (E-PBF)

“…Anodizing is one of the most interesting surface modification processes due to its good reproducibility, simplicity, low-cost, and the fact that no complex equipment is needed [17,18]. Furthermore, a special interest in anodization has been given to the formation of 1D-nanostructures such a TiO 2 nanotubes (TNT) [19][20][21][22][23], which has been proposed as a promising application in many industrial fields ranging from water treatment with photovoltaic systems to biomedical applications, including nanosensors [24], controlled-release substances [25], solar cells [26], water splitting [27], electrochromic devices [28], Li-ion battery anodes [24], osteointegration promoters, and antibacterial agents reservoirs for prosthetic implants [17,22,29,30]. In addition to the advantages mentioned above, the anodizing technique offers the possibility of producing coatings on parts with rather complex geometries.…”