Effect of supercritical carbon dioxide over the esterification of levulinic acid with ethanol using montmorillonite K10 as catalyst

Production of levulinic acid and alkyl levulinates: a process insight

“…Some works also consider the use of ionic liquids 92 and supercritical carbon dioxide. 105,106 The esterification can be carried out in different reactor systems: round bottom flask reactor with reflux condenser in order to avoid reactants and products evaporation; 80 stainless steel batch reactor, typically at high pressure by internal inert gas; 71 continuous flow reactor equipped with a fixed catalytic bed and flow control system; 85 reactive membrane reactor allowing simultaneous reaction and separation; 107 and supercritical fluid reactor, specific for fluid as supercritical carbon dioxide. 106 Although the esterification of levulinic acid is a simple and effective route to produce levulinate esters, more promising production routes consider substrates and precursors further upstream in the LCB to levulinic acid/levulinic esters green chain.…”

Chemical Synthesis of Adipic Acid from Glucose and Derivatives: Challenges for Nanocatalyst Design

“…While it is well known that electronic coupling effects induced a strong interaction between −O–H, and a metal oxide surface often leads to enhanced Lewis acidity of solid catalytic materials. Low but detectable oxidative environments in CO 2 expanded media are also known to facilitate the C–H bond. − These promising features have yet to be investigated for facile oxidation and a hydrogenolysis reaction involving C–O and CO bond activation.…”

Catalytic Transformation of Carbohydrates into Renewable Organic Chemicals by Revering the Principles of Green Chemistry

“…Supercritical water is used for various biomass value addition pathways, including hydrolysis, dehydration, and acid-catalyzed reactions . FUR and HMF have been produced from carbohydrates and cellulosic biomasses using scCO 2 as the reaction medium or extractant. , Esterification of LA into EL has been performed in scCO 2 using montmorillonite clay (K10) as a heterogeneous acid catalyst . Steam explosion using scH 2 O and scCO 2 has been employed for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass.…”

“… 83 , 84 Esterification of LA into EL has been performed in scCO 2 using montmorillonite clay (K10) as a heterogeneous acid catalyst. 85 Steam explosion using scH 2 O and scCO 2 has been employed for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. The scCO 2 penetrates the polymeric network of cellulose, decreases its crystallinity, and makes it more amenable to chemical reagents for downstream value addition pathways.…”