“…The summer precipitation in the Qilian mountain area (QMA) increased from 1960 to 2014, which positively correlated with altitude (Wang et al, 2018) and was accompanied by more southerly moisture arriving in the central part of the QMA (Wang et al, 2019). The summer precipitation in the Tienshan mountain area (TMA) has also increased considerably over the last 50 years (Yue et al, 2020), showing interdecadal changes since the 1980s, with larger precipitation increases on the northern than on the southern slopes (An et al, 2020; Fan et al, 2019; Guan et al, 2021, 2022). Owing to global warming, the glaciers in the TMA and QMA have been extensively retreating, leading to increased glacial meltwater runoff, lake levels, and ecosystem changes (Ding et al, 2006; Ma et al, 2010; Zhang et al, 2020).…”