Effect of Substrate Stratification Without Fine Pine Bark Particles on Growth of Common Nursery Weed Species and Container-grown Ornamental Species

Khamare, Yuvraj; Marble, Chris; Altland, James E.; Pearson, Brian J.; Chen, Jianjun; Devkota, Pratap

doi:10.21273/horttech05113-22

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The following results were obtained for coarse (≥ 2 mm), medium (0.5-2 mm), and fine particles (≤ 0.5 mm in weight) (Khamare et al, 2022). Coarse particles: substrate 1 (17.3 %), substrate 2 (14.6 %), substrate 3 (14.8 %), and substrate 4 (16.4 %); medium particles: substrate 1 (16.9 %), substrate 2 (17.3 %), substrate 3 (17.2 %), and substrate 4 (19.4 %); and fine particles: substrate 1 (16.8 %), substrate 2 (11.3 %), substrate 3 (12.2 %), and substrate 4 (13.1 %).…”

Section: Grain Sizementioning

confidence: 71%

Pine Bark Ratio in Substrate for Citrus Rootstock Nursery Production

Pacheco-Chacón,

Villegas-Monter,

Trejo-Téllez

et al. 2024

agro

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Fruit tree cultivation requires rootstocks that are resistant to both biotic and abiotic stresses. The container size and substrate used are essential components in their development. Despite this, there are few studies on the impact of substrates on plant development in citrus trees under nursery conditions. This study aimed to assess the effects of three different ratios of pine bark in the substrate of three developing citrus rootstocks in a protected environment (greenhouse). The study conducted at the Cazones Nursery in Cazones de Herrera, Veracruz, Mexico, hypothesized that an increase in bark proportion would lead to a rise in the physical and chemical characteristics of the substrate and the development of the three rootstocks. The study utilized a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement (A × B). Factor A (rootstock) had three levels: Citrus aurantium L. (Sour Orange), C. volkameriana Pasq. (Volkamer Lemon), and C. sinensis L. × Poncirus trifoliata L. (Citrage C-35). Factor B (substrate) had four levels (0, 10, 20, and 30 % pine bark), resulting in 12 treatments with 20 repetitions each. The physical and chemical characteristics of the substrates were determined, and the plant height and stem diameter were measured. Pine bark positively affected the apparent and real densities, total porosity, electrical conductivity, and cation exchange capacity. The growth dynamics of the three rootstocks were greater during the second and third months after grafting. When grown in substrates with a total porosity of 46–54 %, Volkamer Lemon, Citrage C-35, and Sour Orange rootstocks reached a plant height of 124.1, 110.5, and 84.5 cm, respectively; the stem diameter reached 6.9 mm. Porosity and cation exchange capacity increased when pine bark was added to the substrates. By evaluating the substrates and managing them proportionally, it is possible to obtain plants suitable for grafting (with 5 to 6 mm of stem) within four months after transplanting. This results in less time spent in the nursery and reduced costs.

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Section: Grain Sizementioning

confidence: 71%

Pine Bark Ratio in Substrate for Citrus Rootstock Nursery Production

Pacheco-Chacón,

Villegas-Monter,

Trejo-Téllez

et al. 2024

agro

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“…Stratified substrates have presented numerous opportunities to improve production sustainability through weed suppression and decreased herbicide use/cost (Khamare et al., 2022), explore fertilizer placement strategies (Ammons et al., 2022), reduce fertilizer inputs by 20% (Fields, Owen, & Altland, 2021), and lessen irrigation use by 25% compared to traditional nursery application rates (Criscione, Fields, Owen, Fultz, et al., 2022). Additionally, plant establishment and growth with regard to root biomass (Fields et al., 2022) and shoot quality (Criscione, Fields, Owen, Fultz, et al., 2022) are enhanced in stratified‐grown crops when compared to crops grown in traditional substrate systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stratified substrates enhance water storage and distribution between irrigation events

Criscione,

Fields,

Owen

et al. 2024

Soil Science Soc of Amer J

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The specialty crop industry requires copious amounts of water to meet production needs; however, current substrates are highly porous to mitigate risks and are subsequently inefficient with regard to water use. Therefore, more sustainable soilless substrates are needed to ensure the future success/profitability of the horticultural industry, especially as finite fresh water sources become limiting. Substrate stratification (i.e., vertically layering unique substrates atop one another) provides opportunities to augment an existing system by maintaining substrate porosity, while strategically redistributing the air‐ and water‐filled pores, retaining more water when applied, and controlling vertical water distribution. The aim of this research was to further understand the complex stratified systems of hydraulics. Herein, the hydraulic properties of individual substrate components were measured and modeled using HYDRUS 1 d. Furthermore, matric tensions and volumetric water content (VWC) were measured continuously under two different irrigation schedules (single [1×] and cyclic applications [3×]) for 15 days with a fully established Dianthus barbatus “Amazon Neon Purple” crop. The results showed that screened bark particles have more pore homogeneity assessed by steep declines in VWC with small changes in water potential. Moreover, HYDRUS 1 d modeling demonstrated that stratified substrates have more uniform hydraulic gradients (difference in moisture content from the top to the bottom of the substrate profile; 21%) present in the container profile when compared to non‐stratified systems (45%). Non‐stratified upper layers experienced greater diurnal tension fluctuations under single irrigation than in cyclic applications. Stratifying substrates resulted in a significant reduction in these fluctuations in the top layer when compared to non‐stratified systems. Additionally, when both substrate (stratifying) and irrigation (cyclic) management strategies are implemented, tension fluctuations can be even further reduced, and hydraulic gradients become more uniform due to improved moisture infiltration and distribution.

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“…Accordingly, P that is released from the fertilizer and leaches past the root zone may be adsorbed to the FSB before draining from the container. Growing containerized nursery and greenhouse crops in strategic layers of substrate, sometimes referred to as substrate stratification, has recently been proposed to decrease fertilizer requirements [30], reduce weed growth and weed seed germination [31,32], mitigate crop water stress during drought [33], and reduce peat use [34]. However, stratifying a substrate to include a P-sorbing base layer has not yet been explored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Base Layer of Ferrous Sulfate-Amended Pine Bark Reduces Phosphorus Leaching from Nursery Containers

Shreckhise,

Altland

2024

Agronomy

Self Cite

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Phosphorus (P) fertilizers applied to container-grown nursery crops readily leach through pine bark-based substrates and can subsequently runoff and contribute to surface water contamination. The objectives of this research were to determine the effect of adding a layer of FeSO4·7H2O-amended pine bark (FSB) to the bottoms of nursery containers on P leaching characteristics. Phosphorus and iron (Fe) leaching in response to FSB layer height (4 or 7.5 cm), FeSO4·7H2O rate (0.3, 0.6, or 1.2 kg·m−3 Fe), and form (i.e., granular versus liquid) used to formulate the FSB layer, and the inclusion of dolomite in the FSB layer were also investigated. Greenhouse studies lasting 15 and 19 weeks were conducted, in which 2.5 L nursery containers containing the FSB layer treatments below non-amended pine bark substrate were fertilized with 199 or 117 mg P from a soluble or controlled-release fertilizer, respectively. Leachate resulting from daily irrigation was collected and analyzed for P and Fe weekly. All FSB treatments leached less P than the control (non-amended pine bark only), with P reductions ranging from 22% (4 cm FSB with 0.3 kg·m−3 Fe) to 73% (7.5 cm FSB with 1.2 kg·m−3 Fe). Phosphorus leaching decreased linearly with an increase in Fe rate or layer height. The amount of Fe that leached from containers with FSB was <5% of that applied, regardless of the Fe rate. Granular- and liquid-applied FeSO4·7H2O with or without dolomite were equally effective at reducing P leaching. Adding 0.6 kg·m−3 Fe to the bottom 500 cm3 of pine bark increased P adsorption by 0.053 mg·cm−3 P, which equates to 17.9 mg P adsorbed per gram of FeSO4·7H2O added. Results from this research suggest that including an FSB layer in the bottom of nursery containers is an effective strategy for reducing P runoff from container-based nursery production sites.

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Effect of Substrate Stratification Without Fine Pine Bark Particles on Growth of Common Nursery Weed Species and Container-grown Ornamental Species

Cited by 8 publications

References 25 publications

Pine Bark Ratio in Substrate for Citrus Rootstock Nursery Production

Pine Bark Ratio in Substrate for Citrus Rootstock Nursery Production

Stratified substrates enhance water storage and distribution between irrigation events

A Base Layer of Ferrous Sulfate-Amended Pine Bark Reduces Phosphorus Leaching from Nursery Containers

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