Effect of sub-minimum inhibitory concentration of ceftriaxone on the expression of outer membrane proteins in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi

Antibiotic resistance mechanism and diagnosis of common foodborne pathogens based on genotypic and phenotypic biomarkers

“…The reduced membrane permeability can effectively prevent the influx of antibiotics and contribute to a high level of antibiotic resistance, which is one of the most common mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Bacteria can selectively reduce the number of pore proteins in the outer membrane, change the size of porin proteins (e.g., OmpF, OmpC), and increase the thickness of the cell wall to reduce the membrane permeability (Akshay et al., 2022; Meng et al., 2023; Vidovic et al., 2019). OmpF is one of the major porins of Enterobacteriaceae, and is responsible for maintaining normal permeability of the outer membrane.…”

Outer Membrane Proteins and Efflux Pumps Mediated Multi-Drug Resistance in Salmonella: Rising Threat to Antimicrobial Therapy

“…44,70,71 roles in membrane integrity and are associated with developing antibiotic resistance in Salmonella. 14,46 During stress, such as the presence of disinfectants, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and antibiotics, OMPs like OmpX, OmpC, OmpA, and OmpD change their expression, which is directly associated with altering the cell membrane structure to help the bacteria survive. These can also elicit immunogenic responses in vivo.…”

“…Most hydrophilic antibiotics diffuse through the porin to access the cell interior . Reducing its permeability and modifying OM porin structure significantly account for antibiotic resistance . Reducing the membrane permeability in S. Typhi leads to resistance toward tetracycline, fluoro­quinolones, cephalo­sporins, amino­glycosides, and the sulfon­amide class of drugs. , Further, efflux or transport of the antibiotics out of the cell is also a primary mechanism of drug resistance in Salmonella .…”

“…Harsh situations or additional oxidative stress can damage the cell membrane; however, Salmonella can survive in harsh environments without any widespread damage to the membrane beneath by restricting the permeability of hydrophilic molecules by the closure of OmpA and OmpC porins. ,, Barilleau et al noted a specific association of Rck and PagN-mediated incursion in S. Typhimurium: a zipper-like entry mechanism in Rck OMP due to the PagN membrane protein persuading a phosphatidyl­inositol 3-kinase signaling pathway. OmpA, OmpC, and OmpF play significant roles in membrane integrity and are associated with developing antibiotic resistance in Salmonella . , During stress, such as the presence of disinfectants, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and antibiotics, OMPs like OmpX, OmpC, OmpA, and OmpD change their expression, which is directly associated with altering the cell membrane structure to help the bacteria survive. These can also elicit immunogenic responses in vivo .…”

“…These OMPs contain channels with specificity for particular substrates, including LamB, ScrY, and BtuB (Table ). Porins such as BamA and BamD are associated with OMP biogenesis. , The selective porins such as BtuB and LamB transport vitamin B12 and maltose. Selective porins are the efficient components of Salmonella that activate the host’s innate immune responses .…”