Effect of Streptozotocin-Inducted Diabetes on the Pathophysiology of Enteric Neurons in the Small Intestine Based on the Porcine Diabetes Model

Bulc, Michał; Całka, Jarosław; Palus, Katarzyna

doi:10.3390/ijms21062047

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…The increased density of GAL-containing fibres was also observed in the duodenum of people with alcoholic disease 36 . Further, diabetes, which often involves intestinal peristalsis disorders, has led to an increase in the number of intestinal neurons in the pig small intestine 37 , whereas it decreased the GAL concentration in the gastrointestinal tract in mice 38 . An increase in the population of GAL-positive neurons following glyphosate intoxication, as observed in this experiment, and earlier studies of the role of GAL in pathological processes in the GI tract, suggest that GAL may be an important factor involved in adaptive or neuroprotective processes of intestinal neurons, known for their neuroplastic properties expressed as a change of their neurochemical nature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glyphosate-induced changes in the expression of galanin and GALR1, GALR2 and GALR3 receptors in the porcine small intestine wall

Palus,

Chmielewska-Krzesińska,

Jana

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Glyphosate is the active ingredient of glyphosate-based herbicides and the most commonly used pesticide in the world. The goal of the present study was to verify whether low doses of glyphosate (equivalent to the environmental exposure) evoke changes in galanin expression in intramural neurons in the small intestine in pigs and to quantitatively determine changes in the level of galanin receptor encoding mRNA (GALR1, GALR2, GALR3) in the small intestine wall. The experiment was conducted on 15 sexually immature gilts divided into three study groups: control (C)—animals receiving empty gelatin capsules; experimental 1 (G1)—animals receiving a low dose of glyphosate (0.05 mg/kg b.w./day); experimental 2 (G2)—animals receiving a higher dose of glyphosate (0.5 mg/kg b.w./day) orally in gelatine capsules for 28 days. Glyphosate ingestion led to an increase in the number of GAL-like immunoreactive intramural neurons in the porcine small intestine. The results of RT-PCR showed a significant increase in the expression of mRNA, which encodes the GAL-receptors in the ileum, a decreased expression in the duodenum and no significant changes in the jejunum. Additionally, intoxication with glyphosate increased the expression of SOD2-encoding mRNA in the duodenum and decreased it in the jejunum and ileum, but it did not affect SOD1 expression. The results suggest that it may be a consequence of the cytotoxic and/or neurotoxic properties of glyphosate and/or its ability to induce oxidative stress.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glyphosate-induced changes in the expression of galanin and GALR1, GALR2 and GALR3 receptors in the porcine small intestine wall

Palus,

Chmielewska-Krzesińska,

Jana

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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“…The proper functioning of the organ depends on the precision of intercellular signaling between the enteric neural network and epithelial and immune cells that are prone to disorders associated with the development of inflammation. Nerve cells react to irritants by changing the expression of selected neurotransmitters regulating gut activity [ 7 , 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acetylsalicylic Acid Supplementation Affects the Neurochemical Phenotyping of Porcine Duodenal Neurons

Brzozowska

Całka

2023

IJMS

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Aspirin (ASA) is a popular nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), which exerts its therapeutic properties through the inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) isoform 2 (COX-2), while the inhibition of COX-1 by ASA results in the formation of gastrointestinal side effects. Due to the fact that the enteric nervous system (ENS) is involved in the regulation of digestive functions both in physiological and pathological states, the aim of this study was to determine the influence of ASA on the neurochemical profile of enteric neurons in the porcine duodenum. Our research, conducted using the double immunofluorescence technique, proved an increase in the expression of selected enteric neurotransmitters in the duodenum as a result of ASA treatment. The mechanisms of the visualized changes are not entirely clear but are probably related to the enteric adaptation to inflammatory conditions resulting from aspirin supplementation. A detailed understanding of the role of the ENS in the development of drug-induced inflammation will contribute to the establishment of new strategies for the treatment of NSAID-induced lesions.

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“…In most laboratory animals, the ENS (within the intestines) is composed of the myenteric plexus (MP) and submucosal plexus (SP) [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. However, the ENS structure of pig intestines is slightly different, because the submucosal plexus is divided into the inner submucosal plexus (ISP) and outer submucosal plexus (OSP) [ 12 ]. Noteworthy, similar architecture of SP forming a kind of two-layered interconnected neuronal network seems to be present also in other animals’ species including horse, dog or monkey [ 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunodetection of P2X2 Receptor in Enteric Nervous System Neurons of the Small Intestine of Pigs

Mozel

Arciszewski

2022

Animals

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Extracellular adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) is one of the best-known and frequently studied neurotransmitters. Its broad spectrum of biological activity is conditioned by the activation of purinergic receptors, including the P2X2 receptor. The P2X2 receptor is present in the central and peripheral nervous system of many species, including laboratory animals, domestic animals, and primates. However, the distribution of the P2X2 receptor in the nervous system of the domestic pig, a species increasingly used as an experimental model, is as yet unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the presence of the P2X2 receptor in the neurons of the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the pig small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) by the immunofluorescence method. In addition, the chemical code of P2X2-immunoreactive (IR) ENS neurons of the porcine small intestine was analysed by determining the coexistence of selected neuropeptides, i.e., vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (sP), and galanin. P2X2-IR neurons were present in the myenteric plexus (MP), outer submucosal plexus (OSP), and inner submucosal plexus (ISP) of all sections of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum). From 44.78 ± 2.24% (duodenum) to 63.74 ± 2.67% (ileum) of MP neurons were P2X2-IR. The corresponding ranges in the OSP ranged from 44.84 ± 1.43% (in the duodenum) to 53.53 ± 1.21% (in the jejunum), and in the ISP, from 53.10 ± 0.97% (duodenum) to 60.57 ± 2.24% (ileum). Immunofluorescence staining revealed the presence of P2X2-IR/galanin-IR and P2X2-IR/VIP-IR neurons in the MP, OSP, and ISP of the sections of the small intestine. The presence of sP was not detected in the P2X2-IR neurons of any ganglia tested in the ENS. Our results indicate for the first time that the P2X2 receptor is present in the MP, ISP, and OSP neurons of all small intestinal segments in pigs, which may suggest that its activation influences the action of the small intestine. Moreover, there is a likely functional interaction between P2X2 receptors and galanin or VIP, but not sP, in the ENS of the porcine small intestine.

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Effect of Streptozotocin-Inducted Diabetes on the Pathophysiology of Enteric Neurons in the Small Intestine Based on the Porcine Diabetes Model

Cited by 6 publications

References 68 publications

Glyphosate-induced changes in the expression of galanin and GALR1, GALR2 and GALR3 receptors in the porcine small intestine wall

Glyphosate-induced changes in the expression of galanin and GALR1, GALR2 and GALR3 receptors in the porcine small intestine wall

Acetylsalicylic Acid Supplementation Affects the Neurochemical Phenotyping of Porcine Duodenal Neurons

Immunodetection of P2X2 Receptor in Enteric Nervous System Neurons of the Small Intestine of Pigs

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