“…Utilization of these methods resulted in enhanced efficiency of sugar production, decreased formation of inhibitors and finally shortened process time. These combined pretreatment strategies include combination of alkaline and dilute acid pretreatments (Lu et al, 2009), alkaline and ionic liquid pretreatments (Nguyen et al, 2010), dilute acid and steam explosion pretreatments , supercritical CO2 and steam explosion pretreatments (Alinia et al, 2010), organosolv and biological pretreatments (Monrroy et al, 2010), biological and dilute acid pretreatments (Zhang et al, 2007 a,b), biological and steam explosion pretreatments (Taniguchi et al, 2010), microwave-assisted alkali pretreatment (Zhu et al, 2006), microwave-assisted dilute acid pretreatments (Chen et al, Fig.1. Structure of lignocellulosic biomass containing cellulose (composed of a β-1,4-linked chain of glucose molecules ), hemicellulose (composed of various 5-and 6-carbon sugars such as arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose and xylose) and lignin (composed of three major phenolic components, namely p-coumaryl alcohol (H), coniferyl alcohol (G) and sinapyl alcohol (S)) (Rubin, 2008), Copyright (2015, with permission from Elsevier.…”