Effect of speed endurance and strength training on performance, running economy and muscular adaptations in endurance-trained runners

Vorup, Jacob; Tybirk, Jonas; Gunnarsson, Thomas P.; Ravnholt, Tanja; Dalsgaard, Sarah; Bangsbo, Jens

doi:10.1007/s00421-016-3356-4

Cited by 32 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…It is possible that the detected changes in gastrocnemius muscle

O 2 reflect changes in muscle group utilization due to training. Differences in training structure such as inclusion of strength, speed-endurance, or interval training in the program are known to differentially affect muscle function (Burgomaster et al, 1985 ; Milanović et al, 2015 ; Vorup et al, 2016 ). For example, it may be the case that participants replaced other activities (gym sessions, cycling, etc.)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Exercise-Related Skeletal Muscle Oxygen Consumption Following Uptake of Endurance Training Measured Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

et al. 2017

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Skeletal muscle metabolic function is known to respond positively to exercise interventions. Developing non-invasive techniques that quantify metabolic adaptations and identifying interventions that impart successful response are ongoing challenges for research. Healthy non-athletic adults (18–35 years old) were enrolled in a study investigating physiological adaptations to a minimum of 16 weeks endurance training prior to undertaking their first marathon. Before beginning training, participants underwent measurements of skeletal muscle oxygen consumption using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) at rest (resting muscletrueV˙O2) and immediately following a maximal exercise test (post-exercise muscletrueV˙O2). Exercise-related increase in muscletrueV˙O2 (ΔmtrueV˙O2) was derived from these measurements and cardio-pulmonary peaktrueV˙O2 measured by analysis of expired gases. All measurements were repeated within 3 weeks of participants completing following the marathon and marathon completion time recorded. MuscletrueV˙O2 was positively correlated with cardio-pulmonary peaktrueV˙O2 (r = 0.63, p < 0.001). MuscletrueV˙O2 increased at follow-up (48% increase; p = 0.004) despite no change in cardio-pulmonary peaktrueV˙O2 (0% change; p = 0.97). Faster marathon completion time correlated with higher cardio-pulmonary peaktrueV˙O2 (rpartial = −0.58, p = 0.002) but not muscletrueV˙O2 (rpartial = 0.16, p = 0.44) after adjustment for age and sex [and adipose tissue thickness (ATT) for muscletrueV˙O2 measurements]. Skeletal muscle metabolic adaptions occur following training and completion of a first-time marathon; these can be identified non-invasively using NIRS. Although the cardio-pulmonary system is limiting for running performance, skeletal muscle changes can be detected despite minimal improvement in cardio-pulmonary function.

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“…It is possible that the detected changes in gastrocnemius muscle

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Exercise-Related Skeletal Muscle Oxygen Consumption Following Uptake of Endurance Training Measured Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

et al. 2017

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“…; Vorup et al . ). Even in already well‐trained individuals, a period of SET effectively increases expression of the catalytic α subunits and structural β subunits of the Na + –K + pump.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…; Vorup et al . ). Unlike MCT1, expression of MCT4 does not seem to change with a period of SET in trained individuals (Bickham et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Limitations in intense exercise performance of athletes – effect of speed endurance training on ion handling and fatigue development

Hostrup

Bangsbo

2016

The Journal of Physiology

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Mechanisms underlying fatigue development and limitations for performance during intense exercise have been intensively studied during the past couple of decades. Fatigue development may involve several interacting factors and depends on type of exercise undertaken and training level of the individual. Intense exercise (½-6 min) causes major ionic perturbations (Ca , Cl , H , K , lactate and Na ) that may reduce sarcolemmal excitability, Ca release and force production of skeletal muscle. Maintenance of ion homeostasis is thus essential to sustain force production and power output during intense exercise. Regular speed endurance training (SET), i.e. exercise performed at intensities above that corresponding to maximum oxygen consumption (V̇O2, max ), enhances intense exercise performance. However, most of the studies that have provided mechanistic insight into the beneficial effects of SET have been conducted in untrained and recreationally active individuals, making extrapolation towards athletes' performance difficult. Nevertheless, recent studies indicate that only a few weeks of SET enhances intense exercise performance in highly trained individuals. In these studies, the enhanced performance was not associated with changes in V̇O2, max and muscle oxidative capacity, but rather with adaptations in muscle ion handling, including lowered interstitial concentrations of K during and in recovery from intense exercise, improved lactate -H transport and H regulation, and enhanced Ca release function. The purpose of this Topical Review is to provide an overview of the effect of SET and to discuss potential mechanisms underlying enhancements in performance induced by SET in already well-trained individuals with special emphasis on ion handling in skeletal muscle.

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“…However, in the condition of RED-S, where energy availability may already be low, it is important that the inclusion of strength training is not added to the current training program, but rather substituted for some of the high energy utilizing endurance exercise [42]. While this approach to the inclusion of strength training in endurance athletes is rare, it has been studied [44,48].…”

Section: Incorporating Heavy Strength Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Application of Heavy Strength Training in Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport

Hooper

2019

J. of SCI. IN SPORT AND EXERCISE

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A combination of high levels of physical activity, low sex hormone concentrations and subsequent low bone mineral density is commonplace in athletic populations. Low bone mineral density can lead to an increased risk of stress reactions or fractures, which can significantly reduce sport participation time. The use of heavy strength training has been effective at increasing bone mineral density in older, frail osteoporotic populations, and there is evidence that it would also be effective in athletic populations with low bone density. In addition to potentially reducing the risk of stress reactions and fractures, heavy strength training may be beneficial for endurance performance, including when being used as a replacement for some of the endurance activities. Thus, individuals exhibiting symptoms associated with the Female Athlete Triad, the Exercise Hypogondal Male Condition or Relative Energy Deficiency in Sports should consider implementing heavy strength training as part of their exercise regimen.

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Effect of speed endurance and strength training on performance, running economy and muscular adaptations in endurance-trained runners

Abstract: Adding strength and speed endurance training, along with a reduced training volume, can improve short-term exercise capacity and induce muscular adaptations related to anaerobic capacity in endurance-trained runners.

Cited by 32 publications

References 33 publications

Improved Exercise-Related Skeletal Muscle Oxygen Consumption Following Uptake of Endurance Training Measured Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Improved Exercise-Related Skeletal Muscle Oxygen Consumption Following Uptake of Endurance Training Measured Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Limitations in intense exercise performance of athletes – effect of speed endurance training on ion handling and fatigue development

The Application of Heavy Strength Training in Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport

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