“…They could be connected with the development of enteropathy after the ingestion of gluten and, eventually, cause the degeneration of intestinal epithelium with villous atrophy in vertebrates (Ciccocioppo et al, 2001; Dyduch et al, 1993; March, 2003; Marietta & Murray, 2012b; Marietta et al, 2011; Moss et al, 1996; Perez et al, 2021), when mainly the intestinal epithelium is damaged (Bethune et al, 2008; Ciccocioppo et al, 2001; Moss et al, 1996). However, data on invertebrate animals, which may serve as vectors for cereal proteins, concern especially the synthesis of enzymes in their digestive systems under the influence of cereal proteins or the structure of their internal organs (Broadway & Duffey, 1988; Dvoryakova et al, 2022; Elaidy & Zedan, 2011; Elaidy et al, 2010; Goptar et al, 2012; Gyan et al, 2021). However, there is still no discussion of the effects of cereal proteins at various levels of body organization, i.e., from organs/tissues, through the level of cells, cellular organelles, and their membranes, to changes at the molecular level (Gyan et al, 2021).…”