“…The copper bars were clamped together against the steel wires with a thickness equal to the desired thickness of the solder joints (ie, 250 μm). Time above liquidus (TAL), measured right after the soldering process started, was adjusted to be 120 seconds as done in Nourani et al, Nourani and Spelt, Akbari et al, Nourani and Spelt, and Nadimpalli and Spelt. Consistent with Nourani et al, Nourani and Spelt, Akbari et al, and Nourani and Spelt, the specimen was cooled in a small wind tunnel with a cooling rate of 1.4 to 1.6°C/second, which is typical of microelectronic manufacturing .…”