Effect of sodium sulfate on direct reduction of beach titanomagnetite for separation of iron and titanium

Enxia, Gao; Sun, Tao; Liu, Zhiguo; Geng, Chao; Chen, X.

doi:10.1016/s1006-706x(16)30068-1

Cited by 28 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…It is acknowledged that sodium sulfate is one of the most used additives for carbothermic reduction of other materials containing iron [51][52][53] and nickel [54][55][56]. Previous studies have shown that Na 2 SO 4 facilitates iron grain growth superior to other additives [57], so, to improve the results previously obtained with alkali carbonates [48], sodium sulfate is used in this work as an additive for carbothermic roasting of red mud.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Sodium Sulfate Addition on Iron Grain Growth during Carbothermic Roasting of Red Mud Samples with Different Basicity

Grudinsky

Zinoveev

Pankratov

et al. 2020

Metals

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Red mud is an iron-containing waste of alumina production with high alkalinity. A promising approach for its recycling is solid-phase carbothermic roasting in the presence of special additives followed by magnetic separation. The crucial factor of the separation of the obtained iron metallic particles from gangue is sufficiently large iron grains. This study focuses on the influence of Na2SO4 addition on iron grain growth during carbothermic roasting of two red mud samples with different (CaO + MgO)/(SiO2 + Al2O3) ratio of 0.46 and 1.21, respectively. Iron phase distribution in the red mud and roasted samples were investigated in detail by Mössbauer spectroscopy method. Based on thermodynamic calculations and results of multifactorial experiments, the optimal conditions for the roasting of the red mud samples with (CaO + MgO)/(SiO2 + Al2O3) ratio of 0.46 and 1.21 were duration of 180 min with the addition of 13.65% Na2SO4 at 1150 °C and 1350 °C followed by magnetic separation that led to 97% and 83.91% of iron recovery, as well as 51.6% and 83.7% of iron grade, respectively. The mechanism of sodium sulfate effect on iron grain growth was proposed. The results pointed out that Na2SO4 addition is unfavorable for the red mud carbothermic roasting compared with other alkaline sulfur-free additives.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Sodium Sulfate Addition on Iron Grain Growth during Carbothermic Roasting of Red Mud Samples with Different Basicity

Grudinsky

Zinoveev

Pankratov

et al. 2020

Metals

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“…However, the magnetic separation of iron obtained after reduction roasting of red mud at a temperature range of the solid-phase reaction has a low efficiency due to a very small size of iron grains attached to calcium aluminosilicate phases [23]. Many authors showed that addition of sodium salts promotes the iron grain growth during carbothermic reduction, for example for limonite (FeO(OH)•nH 2 O) [24], titanomagnetite (Fe 2+ (Fe 3+ ,Ti) 2 O 4 ) [25], siderite (FeCO 3 ) [26], and nickeliferous laterite ((Fe,Ni)O•OH) [27] ores. It was reported [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] that the addition of sodium salts such as sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ), sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ), and sodium tetraborate (Na 2 B 4 O 7 ) also improves the segregation of metallic iron during the carbothermic reduction of red mud.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Na2CO3 and K2CO3 Addition on Iron Grain Growth during Carbothermic Reduction of Red Mud

Zinoveev

Grudinsky

Zakunov

et al. 2019

Metals

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Red mud is a by-product of alumina production from bauxite ore by the Bayer method, which contains considerable amounts of valuable components such as iron, aluminum, titanium, and scandium. In this study, an approach was applied to extract iron, i.e., carbothermic reduction roasting of red mud with sodium and potassium carbonates followed by magnetic separation. The thermodynamic analysis of iron and iron-free components’ behavior during carbothermic reduction was carried out by HSC Chemistry 9.98 (Outotec, Pori, Finland) and FactSage 7.1 (Thermfact, Montreal, Canada; GTT-Technologies, Herzogenrath, Germany) software. The effects of the alkaline carbonates’ addition, as well as duration and temperature of roasting on the iron metallization degree, iron grains’ size, and magnetic separation process were investigated experimentally. The best conditions for the reduction roasting were found to be as follows: 22.01% of K2CO3 addition, 1250 °C, and 180 min of duration. As a generalization of the obtained data, the mechanism of alkaline carbonates’ influence on iron grain growth was proposed.

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“…This is due to the titanium can make the selling price becomes higher, because to process and get titanium requires a fairly complicated process and requires considerable cost. Recent studies have shown that direct iron ore reduction was investigated after adding sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), an increase in Fe Content in the addition of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) [2,3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) and sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) addition on the reduction-roasting process of titania iron sand

et al. 2018

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This study aims to determine the effect of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) addition on the reduction proses of tiania iron sand. The sample that used in this research are the iron sand that taken from Sukabumi, West Java, coal as reductor, sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), and sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) as additive and primary parameter. From the result of XRD characterization and semi-quantitative analysis the addition of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) on roasting process remove the impurities like alumuniom oxide (Al2O3). In the other hand, the content of titano-magnetite (Fe2TiO4-Fe3O4) in the iron sand increase with addition of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4). Meanwhile, from semi-quantitative analysis result with the variation of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) in 5%, 15%, and 25% have an optimum point on the addition of 15% sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) with 46,9% of titano-magnetite (Fe2TiO4-Fe3O4) content.

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Effect of sodium sulfate on direct reduction of beach titanomagnetite for separation of iron and titanium

Cited by 28 publications

References 14 publications

Influence of Sodium Sulfate Addition on Iron Grain Growth during Carbothermic Roasting of Red Mud Samples with Different Basicity

Influence of Sodium Sulfate Addition on Iron Grain Growth during Carbothermic Roasting of Red Mud Samples with Different Basicity

Influence of Na2CO3 and K2CO3 Addition on Iron Grain Growth during Carbothermic Reduction of Red Mud

The effect of sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) and sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) addition on the reduction-roasting process of titania iron sand

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Effect of sodium sulfate on direct reduction of beach titanomagnetite for separation of iron and titanium

Cited by 28 publications

References 14 publications

Influence of Sodium Sulfate Addition on Iron Grain Growth during Carbothermic Roasting of Red Mud Samples with Different Basicity

Influence of Sodium Sulfate Addition on Iron Grain Growth during Carbothermic Roasting of Red Mud Samples with Different Basicity

Influence of Na2CO3 and K2CO3 Addition on Iron Grain Growth during Carbothermic Reduction of Red Mud

The effect of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) addition on the reduction-roasting process of titania iron sand

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The effect of sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) and sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) addition on the reduction-roasting process of titania iron sand