Abstract. Here we report new work on the synthesis and an electron microscopy study of the earliest known magnetic material, magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ). We have synthesized a variety of magnetite nanoparticles which appear to have biogenic signatures and could give insights into how the nanomagnetite in biological systems forms, and how they may be associated with Alzheimer's disease. We have also synthesized mesoporous magnetite nanoparticles which have potential use in the targeted drug delivery.Keywords: magnetite, magnetic nanoparticles, hydrothermal synthesis, drug delivery.
IntroductionMagnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) in the form of lodestone is the original magnetic material used by mankind to navigate the Earth by following geomagnetic fi eld lines. It is also used for navigation in Nature by honey bees, homing pigeons and bacteria. Currently, magnetic nanoparticles are used for data storage, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and are the potential colloidal mediators for cancer magnetic hyperthermia. This area of nanotechnology spans the boundaries of chemistry, biology, medicine and materials science.The earliest reported medical use of magnetite powder for internal applications was in the 11th century A.D. by the Persian physician and philosopher Avicenna of Bokhara [1,2]. Today magnetic nanoparticles are used for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and as colloidal mediators for magnetic hyperthermia cancer treatment [3].In 1992, it was reported that magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) is present in the human brain [4] and more recently that nanoscale biogenic magnetite is associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's [5]. Although this association was fi rst discovered over fi fty years ago by Goodman [6], to date the magnetite's origin and formation are not certain. Here we show that the synthesis of magnetite in the presence of the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) gives rise to a variety of nanoscale morphologies, some of which look remarkably similar to magnetite found in organisms, suggesting that similar processes may be involved. Furthermore, these 0D materials with nanoscale dimensions and with the potential to show quantum confi nement effects are of interest in the areas of biosensors [7], biomedical imaging [8] and as tunneling magnetoresistance (TRM) sensor elements in magnetic random access memory (MRAM) confi gurations, which can be used to form magnetic, programmable biochips [9].In the more extensively studied magnetotactic bacteria [10], biogenically controlled morphologies of magnetite, which normally crystallises in a cubic space group, occur in the form of nanocrystals.These have been found to have elongated {111} axes often with rhombic or truncated dodecahedral morphology. They are part of intracellular structures called magnetosomes [11], which consist of a nanocrystal surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. They arrange in a 1D array to form a "compass needle", which is utilised by the bacteria to sense the Earth's magnetic fi eld [12,13]. Figure 1 shows two typical examples of these m...