Effect of sodium-carboxymethylcellulose on inhibition of scaling by calcium carbonate and sulfate

Polysaccharides as Effective and Environmentally Friendly Inhibitors of Scale Deposition from Aqueous Solutions in Technological Processes

“…The mechanism of inhibition of scale formation through polysaccharides for deposits commonly found in technological processes is hardly fundamentally different from inhibition through polymer compounds, such as polycarboxylates, polysulfonates, or any other organic additives [ 75 ]. The analysis of the results on the morphology of the crystals formed allows us to conclude that polysaccharides, such as carboxymethylinulin (CMI) [ 26 , 103 , 104 , 105 ], carboxymethylcellulose (SMS), functionalized cellulose [ 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 ], and functionalized chitosans [ 112 , 113 , 114 ], are involved in all stages of the crystallization process. It is known that polysaccharides are involved in the process of biomineralization [ 22 ]; however, we note that there is no single type of polysaccharide associated with biominerals, but such polysaccharides are mainly hydroxylate, carboxylate, sulfate, or contain a mixture of these functional fragments.…”

“…The data obtained using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer on the size distribution of the formed CaCO 3 and CaSO 4 crystals showed that in the presence of NaCMC, there was a decrease in the average crystal size by ~7.4 μm for CaCO 3 and by 17.2 μm for CaSO 4 , as well as displaying the formation of a narrower interval of their distribution, from 1.50 to 7.52 microns for CaCO 3 and from 1.15 to 11.8 μm for CaSO 4 ( Figure 13 and Figure 14 ) [ 110 ]. The wider range of CaCO 3 particle size distributions in the presence of NaCMC was probably due to the formation of polysaccharide complexes with CaCO 3 crystals [ 131 ].…”

“…Crystals are irregularly shaped particles with rounded edges. In the presence of a water-soluble polysaccharide, according to the model of crystallization of calcium carbonate in the presence of active organic additives, the quantitative and qualitative phase composition of the resulting calcium carbonate apparently changes [ 110 ].…”

“…The sedimentation stability of time-formed CaCO 3 and CaSO 4 in the aqueous phase was studied at NaCMC concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 mg/L at 80 °C. In the absence of NaCMC, a fine suspension of crystals was formed, which, as a result of aggregation and agglomeration [ 110 ], settled, and the clarification of the solution was observed ( Figure 16 and Figure 17 ). In this case, the stability index had the highest value of the entire observation period.…”

“… The size of the CaSO 4 crystals formed without NaCMC ( 3 , 4 ) and CaSO 4 crystals in the presence of NaCMC ( 1 and 2 ); 1 and 3 are integral curves; d is the size (µm) [ 110 ]. …”