Effect of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) additives and palm kernel shell charcoal to increase nickel and iron content from ferronickel slag using the pyrometallurgical method

Alfariz, Muhammad Darryl; Mayangsari, Wahyu; Prasetyo, Agus Budi; Maksum, Ahmad; Prasetyo, Totok; Ulum, Reza Miftahul; Soedarsono, Johny Wahyuadi

doi:10.1063/5.0014052

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Moreover, the XRD analysis shows olivine ((Mg, Fe) 2 SiO 4 ) as the main phase. The characterizations of raw ferronickel slag correspond to the previous studies [5,23,24].…”

Section: Discussion Of the Results Of Thermal Decomposition Of Ferronickel Slag With Na 2 Co 3 Addition In The Roasting Processsupporting

confidence: 77%

Decomposition of ferronickel slag through alkali fusion in the roasting process

Mayangsari

Avifah

Prasetyo

et al. 2021

EEJET

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Ferronickel slag is a by-product of the nickel smelting process. Recycling of ferronickel slag is required since it contains valuable elements besides its potency to pollute the environment. In order to take advantage of the valuable materials and reducing the potential hazard, beneficiation of ferronickel slag is essential. Alkali fusion of ferronickel slag using Na2CO3 in the roasting process was carried out. This study aims to determine the decomposition of the mixture of ferronickel slag-Na2CO3 in the roasting process. Roasting temperature and time were 800–1,000 °C and 60‒240 minutes, respectively. Characterizations of the ferronickel slag were conducted by XRF, ICP-OES, XRD and SEM-EDS. Meanwhile, roasted products were characterized using ICP-OES, XRD and SEM-EDS. Characterization of the ferronickel slag indicates that Mg and Si are the main elements followed by Fe, Al and Cr. Moreover, olivine is detected as the main phase. The roasting process caused percent weight loss of the roasted products, which indicates decomposition occurred and affected the elements content, phases and morphology. The roasting process at about 900 °C for 60 minutes is a preferable decomposition base on the process conditions applied and the change of elements content. Aluminum (Al) and chromium (Cr) content in the roasted products upgraded significantly compared to iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg) content. Olivine phase transforms to some phases, which were bounded with the sodium compound such as Na2MgSiO4, Na4SiO4 and Na2CrO4. The rough layer is observed on the surface of the roasted product as a result of the decomposition process. It indicates that liquid-solid mass transfer is initiated from the surface

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“…Moreover, the XRD analysis shows olivine ((Mg, Fe) 2 SiO 4 ) as the main phase. The characterizations of raw ferronickel slag correspond to the previous studies [5,23,24].…”

Section: Discussion Of the Results Of Thermal Decomposition Of Ferronickel Slag With Na 2 Co 3 Addition In The Roasting Processsupporting

confidence: 77%

Decomposition of ferronickel slag through alkali fusion in the roasting process

Mayangsari

Avifah

Prasetyo

et al. 2021

EEJET

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“…The compounds contained in the product from alkali fusion, which is named as a roasted product in this study, are quartz (SiO2), sodium silicate (Na2SiO3), fayalite (Fe2SiO4), and hematite (Fe2O3). The sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) appears to form during the alkali fusion process; this was not identified in the previous study [4]- [5].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…(5) Fe3O4 + CO → 3FeO + CO2 (6) FeO + CO → Fe + CO2 (7) Besides, it clearly shows the inequality between one and two stages of the alkali fusion and reduction (carbothermic) process. Fe phase formed when two stages of heat treatment were performed, while Fe was bonded in the phase of fayalite when heat treatment carried out in one stage [5]. The effect of variation of palm kernel concentration on the formations of iron (Fe), hematite (Fe2O3), and magnetite (Fe3O4) detected in the carbothermic products can be analyzed by XRD analysis.…”

Section: Carbothermic Process Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, M. D. Alfariz et. al., [5] reported that increasing nickel and iron content can be obtained by the reduction process of ferronickel slag using palm kernel shell charcoal as reducing agent and Na2CO3 as an additive in one stage. The use of the additive in alkali fusion can facilitate the decomposition of the silica-iron matrix which leads to easier precious metals recovery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Product Characteristics of Treated-Ferronickel Slag Produced by Alkali Fusion and Carbothermic Process

Ulum

2021

metal.

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The utilization of slag as a secondary resource is usually processed by a reduction process with coal reducing agents or by leaching process. However, this study will use palm kernel shell as an alternative reducing agent to substitute coal. Palm kernel shell was chosen as an alternative reducing agent because of their availability in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of palm kernel shell as reducing agent and its concentration (wt.%) to the ferronickel slag reduction process. The initial sample is ferronickel slag which had been proceed by alkali fusion by adding 20 wt.% sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) as an additive and then roasted. The roasted product is then mixed with palm kernel shell reductant by ratio (sample : reductant), which are 15:85, 20:80, and 25:75 in weight percent. Samples that have been mixed are then compacted using compacting machine. Then the reduction process is carried out using a tube furnace at a temperature of 1100°C for 60 minutes with a heating rate of 10°C/minute. The palm kernel shells were analyzed using ultimate and proximate analysis, while the reduced product is then characterized by SEM-EDS and XRD for further analysis. Based on the results of the characterization, in this study it was found that the reduction process using palm kernel shell produces products in the form of iron metal, magnetite, hematite, and sodium silicate. The optimum reducing agent concentration in this study is by adding 15 wt.% reductant.

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“…• C. Also, several studies have used PKS under pyrometallurgical process to effectively recover valuable metals from slags. For instance, the study ofAlfariz et al (2020) used PKS charcoal complemented with 10 % Na 2 CO 3 as coal replacement to recover nickel and iron from nickel slag. At an optimum condition of 15 % PKS charcoal exposed to 1000 • C in 60 min, 0.103 % of nickel and 3.58 % of iron were recovered from the nickel slag.…”

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confidence: 99%