Effect of sock on biomechanical responses of foot during walking

Dai, Xiangfeng; Li, Yi; Zhang, Ming; Cheung, Jason Tak-Man

doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2005.10.002

Cited by 92 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The shoe model is constructed so that its inner surface is in appropriate contact with the outer surface of the soft tissue model. The interaction between foot and shoes is treated by imposing the frictional surface-to-surface contact, and the frictional coefficient µ between foot and shoes is set by 0.5 [18]. Figs.…”

Section: -D Coupled Foot-shoe Fem Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Meanwhile, the outsole is discretized with 6,574 4-node tetrahedron elements and the material constants involved in the . It can be noted that the material properties of bone, tissue, ligament and cartilage were chosen by referring to Dai, et al [18] and Yamada [20]. While the others were determined by uni-axial tension experiments using shoe component specimens, incorporated with the least-square curve fitting technique.…”

Section: Numerical Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Landing impact analysis of sports shoes using 3-D coupled foot-shoe finite element model

et al. 2009

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The rapid spread of various sports games has changed the role of shoes from the simple protection of human feet to more advanced ones like competency improvement. Accordingly, intensive research efforts are being focused on the development of high-competency sports shoes by taking kinesiology and biomechanics into consideration. However, the success of this goal depends definitely on the reliable evaluation of the main functions required for sports shoes. As the first part of our study on the landing impact analysis of court sports shoes, this paper introduces a coupled foot-shoe finite element model in order to fully reflect the mutual interaction between the foot and the shoe, not relying on traditional independent field experiments any more. Through illustrative numerical experiments, we assess the reliability of the proposed coupled FEM model by comparing with the experimental results and investigating the fundamental landing impact characteristics of sports shoes.

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Section: -D Coupled Foot-shoe Fem Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Numerical Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landing impact analysis of sports shoes using 3-D coupled foot-shoe finite element model

et al. 2009

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“…There have been approaches to complement experimental investigations by numerical simulations, e.g. in connection with the formation of friction blisters [59], the friction between feet and socks [60], contacts between fingertip and textured surfaces [61] and the ageing and wrinkling of human skin [62]. Due to reduced skin thickness and viscoelastic recovery, aged skin becomes more vulnerable and susceptible to injuries such as abrasions and bedsores [63,64], for which friction and shear forces are believed to be important risk factors [65][66][67].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tribology of Skin: Review and Analysis of Experimental Results for the Friction Coefficient of Human Skin

2011

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In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the tribology of human skin and present an analysis of the available experimental results for skin friction coefficients. Starting with an overview on the factors influencing the friction behaviour of skin, we discuss the up-to-date existing experimental data and compare the results for different anatomical skin areas and friction measurement techniques. For this purpose, we also estimated and analysed skin contact pressures applied during the various friction measurements. The detailed analyses show that substantial variations are a characteristic feature of friction coefficients measured for skin and that differences in skin hydration are the main cause thereof, followed by the influences of surface and material properties of the contacting materials. When the friction coefficients of skin are plotted as a function of the contact pressure, the majority of the literature data scatter over a wide range that can be explained by the adhesion friction model. The case of dry skin is reflected by relatively low and pressureindependent friction coefficients (greater than 0.2 and typically around 0.5), comparable to the dry friction of solids with rough surfaces. In contrast, the case of moist or wet skin is characterised by significantly higher (typically [1) friction coefficients that increase strongly with decreasing contact pressure and are essentially determined by the mechanical shear properties of wet skin. In several studies, effects of skin deformation mechanisms contributing to the total friction are evident from friction coefficients increasing with contact pressure. However, the corresponding friction coefficients still lie within the range delimited by the adhesion friction model. Further research effort towards the analysis of the microscopic contact area and mechanical properties of the upper skin layers is needed to improve our so far limited understanding of the complex tribological behaviour of human skin.

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“…It was found that wearing sock of low friction against the insole to allow more relative sliding between the plantar foot and footwear was found to reduce the shear force significantly [18] . Socks change the frictional properties between the foot-shoe interface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Friction Coefficient of Rough Indoor Flooring Materials

Ezzat¹,

Hasouna²,

Ali³

2008

eng

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Abstract. The present study investigates the effect of the surface roughness of polymeric indoors floorings on the static friction of bare foot as well as foot wearing cotton and polymeric socks under dry, water, water + 5.0 vol. % soap, oil and water + 5.0 vol. % oil lubricated sliding conditions. Polymeric floor sheets of different roughness ranging from 0.05 and 11.0 µm were tested. The tested material is commonly used in entrance areas or corridors and in the sport halls. Cotton and polymeric socks as well as bare foot were frictionally tested. The results were compared to the friction caused by shoes as simulated by rubber test specimens of vee shape treads were prepared in the form of square sheets of 100 × 100 mm, 10.0 mm thickness. Experiments were carried out using a test rig designed and manufactured to measure the friction coefficient between the foot and the tested polymeric flooring materials.The experimental results showed that, at dry sliding, friction coefficient of rubber decreased with increasing surface roughness, while for bare foot and polymeric socks, friction coefficient decreased down to minimum then increased with increasing the surface roughness. Besides, friction coefficient decreased with increasing applied load. Minimum friction was observed at surface roughness ranging between 6-9 µm. In water lubricated sliding, friction coefficient of rubber increased up to maximum then decreased with increasing surface roughness. Maximum friction values were observed at surface roughness values ranging from 1.5 to 2.0 μm R a . Cotton socks showed the highest friction coefficient followed by rubber, bare foot then polymeric socks at 11 µm R a . Friction coefficient drastically decreased with increasing surface roughness at water and detergent lubricated sliding. For the tested flooring materials lubricated by oil, friction coefficient of rubber increased up to maximum values then decreased with increasing the surface roughness of the flooring 54materials. The maximum friction values were noticed at 4.0 µm R a . Bare foot displayed drastic reduction in friction coefficient, while cotton socks showed the highest values. When water was diluted by 5.0 wt. % oil, rubber smooth flooring surface displayed values of friction coefficient close to that observed for hydrodynamic lubrication where the two sliding surfaces are separated by the fluid film. As the roughness increased the fluid film was broken and friction increased. Cotton socks showed the highest friction compared to bare foot and polymeric socks.

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Effect of sock on biomechanical responses of foot during walking

Cited by 92 publications

References 21 publications

Landing impact analysis of sports shoes using 3-D coupled foot-shoe finite element model

Landing impact analysis of sports shoes using 3-D coupled foot-shoe finite element model

Tribology of Skin: Review and Analysis of Experimental Results for the Friction Coefficient of Human Skin

Friction Coefficient of Rough Indoor Flooring Materials

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