Effect of Sn-substitution in C14 Laves phase alloys for NiMH battery application

Young, K.; Fetcenko, M.A.; Ouchi, T.; Li, F.; Koch, J.

doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2008.01.134

Cited by 37 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(108 reference statements)

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“…Currently, a large amount of Zircaloy (a Sn-Zr alloy [230]) scrap is available from demolished nuclear power plants and the addition of Sn is essential for cost reduction in raw materials. According to our own study, a small amount of Sn (0.1 at %) can improve activation, HRD, charge retention, and low-temperature performances at the expense of capacity and cycle life loss [219,231]. Sn also promotes the formation of detrimental secondary phases.…”

Section: Group 13 Elements (B Al)mentioning

confidence: 99%

C14 Laves Phase Metal Hydride Alloys for Ni/MH Batteries Applications

2017

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C14 Laves phase alloys play a significant role in improving the performance of nickel/metal hydride batteries, which currently dominate the 1.2 V consumer-type rechargeable battery market and those for hybrid electric vehicles. In the current study, the properties of C14 Laves phase based metal hydride alloys are reviewed in relation to their electrochemical applications. Various preparation methods and failure mechanisms of the C14 Laves phase based metal hydride alloys, and the influence of all elements on the electrochemical performance, are discussed. The contributions of some commonly used constituting elements are compared to performance requirements. The importance of stoichiometry and its impact on electrochemical properties is also included. At the end, a discussion section addresses historical hurdles, previous trials, and future directions for implementing C14 Laves phase based metal hydride alloys in commercial nickel/metal hydride batteries.

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Section: Group 13 Elements (B Al)mentioning

confidence: 99%

C14 Laves Phase Metal Hydride Alloys for Ni/MH Batteries Applications

2017

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“…In the Laves phase MH alloys, Sn dissolves into the main C14 Laves phase and the ZrNi secondary phase without forming any Sn-rich secondary phase [8,78,[80][81][82][83][84], and more Sn migrates into the ZrNi secondary phase after annealing [61]. The presence of Sn in the composition of the Zr-containing MH alloy is due to a cost saving consideration-the market price of Sn-containing zircaloy scrap, which is used as one of the raw materials in the current study, at one time was only one tenth of the cost of pure Zr scrap.…”

Section: Scanning Electron Microscope/energy Dispersive Spectroscopy mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of C14- and C15-Predomiated AB2 Metal Hydride Alloys for Electrochemical Applications

Kim

Nei²,

Wan

et al. 2017

Batteries

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Abstract:Herein, we present a comparison of the electrochemical hydrogen-storage characteristics of two state-of-art Laves phase-based metal hydride alloys (Zr 21.5 (V and Cr) in the first composition results in an average electron density below the C14/C15 threshold ( e/a ∼ 6.9) and produces a C14-predominated structure, while the average electron density of the second composition is above the C14/C15 threshold and results in a C15-predominated structure. From a combination of variations in composition, main phase structure, and degree of homogeneity, the C14-predominated alloy exhibits higher storage capacities (in both the gaseous phase and electrochemical environment), a slower activation, inferior high-rate discharge, and low-temperature performances, and a better cycle stability compared to the C15-predominated alloy. The superiority in high-rate dischargeability in the C15-predominated alloy is mainly due to its larger reactive surface area. Annealing of the C15-predominated alloy eliminates the ZrNi secondary phase completely and changes the composition of the La-containing secondary phase. While the former change sacrifices the synergetic effects, and degrades the hydrogen storage performance, the latter may contribute to the unchanged surface catalytic ability, even with a reduction in total volume of metallic nickel clusters embedded in the activated surface oxide layer. In general, the C14-predominated alloy is more suitable for high-capacity and long cycle life applications, and the C15-predominated alloy can be used in areas requiring easy activation, and better high-rate and low-temperature performances.

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“…V, with a slightly smaller size than Pd, was shown to occupy the B-site in the C14 structure [121]. However, size is apparently not the only determining factor in site selection because Al, which is larger than Pd, was found to occupy the B-site in the C14 structure [122] and Sn, with a much larger size compared to Pd, first occupies the A-site when its concentration is less than or equal to 0.1 at %, but then moves to the B-site at higher concentrations [123]. The lattice constant of the C15 phase also decreases with increasing Pd-content, suggesting that Pd is also in the A-site in C15.…”

Section: Xrd Analysismentioning

confidence: 97%

Increase in the Surface Catalytic Ability by Addition of Palladium in C14 Metal Hydride Alloy

Kim

Ouchi²,

Nei³

et al. 2017

Batteries

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A combination of analytic tools and electrochemical testing was employed to study the contributions of Palladium (Pd) in a Zr-based AB 2 metal hydride alloy (Ti 12 Zr 22.8 V 10 Cr 7.5 Mn 8.1 Co 7 Ni 32.2 Al 0.4 ). Pd enters the A-site of both the C14 and C15 Laves phases and shrinks the unit cell volumes, which results in a decrease of both gaseous phase and electrochemical hydrogen storage capacities. On the other hand, the addition of Pd benefits both the bulk transport of hydrogen and the surface electrochemical reaction. Improvements in high-rate dischargeability and low-temperature performances are solely due to an increase in surface catalytic ability. Addition of Pd also decreases the surface reactive area, but such properties can be mediated through incorporation of additional modifications with rare earth elements. A review of Pd-addition to other hydrogen storage materials is also included.

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Effect of Sn-substitution in C14 Laves phase alloys for NiMH battery application

Cited by 37 publications

References 42 publications

C14 Laves Phase Metal Hydride Alloys for Ni/MH Batteries Applications

C14 Laves Phase Metal Hydride Alloys for Ni/MH Batteries Applications

Comparison of C14- and C15-Predomiated AB2 Metal Hydride Alloys for Electrochemical Applications

Increase in the Surface Catalytic Ability by Addition of Palladium in C14 Metal Hydride Alloy

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