“…According to Johnson and Guthmiller it increases the odds of developing periodontal disease 2 to 8 -fold, depending on the definition of disease severity and smoking dose. The exact mechanism of smoking action is still unknown however several mechanisms for negative periodontal effects of smoking are proposed which include decreased Ig G2 production [14], chronic reduction in blood flow and vascularity [15], increased prevalence of potential periodontal pathogens [16], shift in neutrophil function towards destructive activities [17], negative effects on cytokine and growth factor production [18], and inhibition of fibroblast growth, attachment and collagen production [19]. These mechanisms in one way or another, makes individuals more susceptible to periodontal disease and compromise the healing response.…”