Effect of smoking on bronchoalveolar lavage constituents

Determining reference ranges for immunological cells of healthy indigenous individuals from a region in Brazil

“…Smoking affects the Bronchoalveolar Lavage fluid (BAL) cell profiles in different lung diseases, (34)(35)(36)(37)(38) and reference values for BAL fluid are potential diagnostic markers for interstitial lung diseases. (39,40) However, differential peripheral blood cell counts and lymphocyte subpopulations did not differ from the reference intervals between smokers and nonsmokers.…”

Assessment of airways inflammation in chronic bronchitis

“…Cigarette smoking and chronic bronchitis have both been shown to influence BAL findings (19]. Bronchoalveolar lavage in young smokers has demonstrated elevated recovery of lavage fluid cells, in particular macrophages and neutrophils [20].…”