Effect of Smoking and Indoor Air Pollution on the Risk of Tuberculosis: Smoking, Indoor Air Pollution and Tuberculosis

Öztürk, Ayşe Bilge; Kılıçaslan, Zeki; İşsever, Halim

doi:10.5578/tt.7013

Cited by 19 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…This could have affected their knowledge and awareness regarding TB due to low levels of education, leading to increased prevalence of TB in this segment of population. Similarly, in another study conducted by Ozturk et al, 28.1% people belonged to the category having low income (<200 euro/month) [20]. The majority (56.7%) of smokers among our cases were beedi smokers while 43.2% smoked cigarettes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…The duration of smoking was more than 20 years in 61.9% cases [12]. In another study, quantity of smoking was < 20 pack years in 45% of smokers and >20 pack years in 55% [20]. In our study too, quantity of smoking was more than 20 pack years in 58.2% of smokers among cases.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

“…In a study conducted by Nijenbandring de Boer et al, the multivariate logistic regression model showed smoking as an independent risk factor in delayed culture conversion in smokers at 60 days of ATT (OR 6.85, p = 0.002) [23]. A study conducted in Istanbul, showed smoking (OR 4.97, p = 0.0001) as well as heavy smoking (>20 pack years) (OR 0.12, p = 0.0001) independent risk factors for the development of TB [20]. However, another study conducted by Garcia-Rodriguez et al, suggests that smoking had a protective effect on EPTB [16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…In a study from India, over-crowding was seen in 31.5% of TB cases [12]. In another study conducted in Istanbul, over-crowding was observed in 41.1% of TB cases [20]. Overcrowding at home in a sizeable number of TPE cases implies that it is an important risk factor for TPE as it facilitates the spread of TB bacteria leading to the development of TPE in at least some people who contract TB infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tobacco smoking as a risk factor for tuberculous pleural effusion: a case-control study

Tewatia

Kaushik

Kumar

2020

Glob. Health Epidemiol.

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This study assessed the tobacco smoking-associated risk for tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) in India. Ninety-two patients with TPE and 184 controls were randomly selected and assessed regarding their tobacco-smoking status and type, quantity and duration of tobacco used. Odds ratios (ORs) for the association of smoking cigarette, beedi and cigarette or beedi with TPE were 19.22 (p < 0.0001), 2.89 (p = 0.0006) and 4.57 (p < 0.0001) respectively. ORs for developing TPE increased with an increase in beedi/cigarette consumption, duration and pack years of smoking (p < 0.001 each). TPE was significantly associated with confounding risk factors viz., regular alcohol use (OR = 1.89, p = 0.019), history of contact with tuberculosis (TB) patient (OR = 8.07, p < 0.0001), past history of TB (OR = 22.31, p < 0.0001), family history of TB (OR = 9.05, p = 0.0002) and underweight (OR = 3.73, p = 0.0009). Smoking (OR = 3.07, p < 0.001), regular alcohol use (OR = 2.10, p = 0.018), history of contact with TB patient (OR = 4.01, p = 0.040), family history of TB (OR = 10.80, p = 0.001) and underweight (OR = 5.04, p < 0.001) were independently associated with TPE. Thus, both cigarette- and beedi-smoking have a significant association with TPE. The risk for TPE in tobacco smokers is dose- and duration-dependent.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tobacco smoking as a risk factor for tuberculous pleural effusion: a case-control study

Tewatia

Kaushik

Kumar

2020

Glob. Health Epidemiol.

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“…Six studies [ 19 – 24 ] had LTBI as an outcome of interest, and the remaining 12 studies [ 18 , 25 – 35 ] had active TB as an outcome of interest. Twelve studies [ 18 – 22 , 24 , 26 , 29 , 31 , 33 – 35 ] assessed children and eight studies [ 22 , 23 , 25 , 27 , 28 , 30 – 32 ] assessed adult non-smokers; two studies [ 22 , 31 ] assessed both populations. All studies with active TB as an outcome had information on dose–response by a variety of variables, including age [ 18 , 25 – 35 ], amount of smoke exposure in the household [ 21 , 26 , 33 ], contact with a TB patient [ 20 , 21 , 24 , 26 , 35 ], and household crowdedness [ 18 , 26 , 35 ], with at least three exposure categories.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to Second-Hand Smoke and the Risk of Tuberculosis in Children and Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 18 Observational Studies

et al. 2015

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BackgroundAccording to WHO Global Health Estimates, tuberculosis (TB) is among the top ten causes of global mortality and ranks second after cardiovascular disease in most high-burden regions. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we investigated the role of second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure as a risk factor for TB among children and adults.Methods and FindingsWe performed a systematic literature search of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar up to August 31, 2014. Our a priori inclusion criteria encompassed only original studies where latent TB infection (LTBI) and active TB disease were diagnosed microbiologically, clinically, histologically, or radiologically. Effect estimates were pooled using fixed- and random-effects models. We identified 18 eligible studies, with 30,757 children and 44,432 adult non-smokers, containing SHS exposure and TB outcome data for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Twelve studies assessed children and eight studies assessed adult non-smokers; two studies assessed both populations. Summary relative risk (RR) of LTBI associated with SHS exposure in children was similar to the overall effect size, with high heterogeneity (pooled RR 1.64, 95% CI 1.00–2.83). Children showed a more than 3-fold increased risk of SHS-associated active TB (pooled RR 3.41, 95% CI 1.81–6.45), which was higher than the risk in adults exposed to SHS (summary RR 1.32, 95% CI 1.04–1.68). Positive and significant exposure–response relationships were observed among children under 5 y (RR 5.88, 95% CI 2.09–16.54), children exposed to SHS through any parent (RR 4.20, 95% CI 1.92–9.20), and children living under the most crowded household conditions (RR 5.53, 95% CI 2.36–12.98). Associations for LTBI and active TB disease remained significant after adjustment for age, biomass fuel (BMF) use, and presence of a TB patient in the household, although the meta-analysis was limited to a subset of studies that adjusted for these variables. There was a loss of association with increased risk of LTBI (but not active TB) after adjustment for socioeconomic status (SES) and study quality. The major limitation of this analysis is the high heterogeneity in outcomes among studies of pediatric cases of LTBI and TB disease.ConclusionsWe found that SHS exposure is associated with an increase in the relative risk of LTBI and active TB after controlling for age, BMF use, and contact with a TB patient, and there was no significant association of SHS exposure with LTBI after adjustment for SES and study quality. Given the high heterogeneity among the primary studies, our analysis may not show sufficient evidence to confirm an association. In addition, considering that the TB burden is highest in countries with increasing SHS exposure, it is important to confirm these results with higher quality studies. Research in this area may have important implications for TB and tobacco control programs, especially for children in settings with high SHS exposure and TB burden.

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Short-term effects of ambient air pollution and meteorological factors on tuberculosis in semi-arid area, northwest China: a case study in Lanzhou

Niu

Qi²,

Zhao

et al. 2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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To investigate the short-term effects of ambient air pollution and meteorological factors on daily tuberculosis (TB), semi-parametric generalized additive model was used to assess the impacts of ambient air pollutants and meteorological factors on daily TB case from 2005 to 2010 in Chengguan District, Lanzhou, China. Then a non-stratification parametric model and a stratification parametric model were applied to study the interactive effect of air pollutants and meteorological factors on daily TB. The results show that sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10μm (PM 10 ) were positively correlated with daily TB case; the excess risk (ER) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were 1.79% (0.40%, 3.20%), 3.86% (1.81%, 5.96%), and 0.32% (0.02%, 0.62%), respectively. Daily TB case was positively correlated with maximum temperature, minimum temperature, average temperature, vapor pressure, and relative humidity, but negatively correlated with atmospheric pressure, wind speed, and sunshine duration. The association with average temperature was the strongest, whose ER and 95% CI were 4.43% (3.15%, 5.72%). In addition, there were significant interaction effects between air pollutants and meteorological factors on daily TB case.

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Effect of Smoking and Indoor Air Pollution on the Risk of Tuberculosis: Smoking, Indoor Air Pollution and Tuberculosis

Abstract: Introduction: Although epidemiological studies have reported an association between smoking and increases in tuberculosis the

Cited by 19 publications

References 9 publications

Tobacco smoking as a risk factor for tuberculous pleural effusion: a case-control study

Tobacco smoking as a risk factor for tuberculous pleural effusion: a case-control study

Exposure to Second-Hand Smoke and the Risk of Tuberculosis in Children and Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 18 Observational Studies

Short-term effects of ambient air pollution and meteorological factors on tuberculosis in semi-arid area, northwest China: a case study in Lanzhou

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