Effect of Simulated Sunlight on Atrazine and Metolachlor Toxicity of Surface Waters

Lin, Yaw-Jian; Karuppiah, Makesh; Shaw, Anugrah; Gupta, Gian

doi:10.1006/eesa.1998.1751

Cited by 48 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Solar radiation, especially UVR, may cause degradation of the contaminant, creating transformation products with a potential different persistence and modified toxicity to microalgae. Additionally, UVR can change the structure of a compound through photomodification or photosensitization which may enhance toxicity, a phenomenon known as photo-enhanced toxicity, described for PAHs (Gala and Giesy, 1992;Wiegman et al, 2001;Southerland and Lewitus, 2004), PCBs (Ruben et al, 1990), TBT (Sargian et al, 2005) as well as pesticides (Guasch and Sabater, 1998;Lin et al, 1999;Pelletier et al, 2006). Considering the described direct and indirect effects of solar radiation on microalgae and contaminants and the fact that intensity of PAR and UVR vary strongly over the year, it is likely that solar irradiance might play an important role in the ultimate toxicity in the field.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal variability in irradiance affects herbicide toxicity to the marine flagellate Dunaliella tertiolecta

Sjollema¹,

Vavourakis²,

Geest³

et al. 2014

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) and Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR) of the solar spectrum affect microalgae directly and modify the toxicity of phytotoxic compounds present in water. As a consequence seasonal variable PAR and UVR levels are likely to modulate the toxic pressure of contaminants in the field. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the toxicity of two model contaminants, the herbicides diuron and Irgarol ® 1051, under simulated irradiance conditions mimicking different seasons. Irradiance conditions of spring and autumn were simulated with a set of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). Toxicity of both herbicides was measured individually and in a mixture by determining the inhibition of photosystem II efficiency ( PSII) of the marine flagellate Dunaliella teriolecta using Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) fluorometry. Toxicity of the single herbicides was higher under simulated spring irradiance than under autumn irradiance and this effect was also observed for a mixture of the herbicides. This irradiance dependent toxicity indicates that herbicide toxicity in the field is seasonally variable. Consequently toxicity tests under standard light conditions may overestimate or underestimate the toxic effect of phytotoxic compounds

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal variability in irradiance affects herbicide toxicity to the marine flagellate Dunaliella tertiolecta

Sjollema¹,

Vavourakis²,

Geest³

et al. 2014

Front. Mar. Sci.

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“…Residual pesticides are known to be decomposed by various natural conditions in the environment: by hydrolysis in water, 1,2) photodegradation, [3][4][5][6][7] metabolism in plants 8,9) and animals, 10,11) and bacteriological degradation in soil. 12,13) The degraded products of the pesticides then have the potential to be ingested by humans with agricultural products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Photodegradation Study of Fenthion and Disulfoton under Irradiation of Different Light Sources in Liquid- and Solid-Phases

Hirahara

Ueno

Nakamuro

2001

JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE

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To assess the photodegradation extent of the organophosphorus pesticides, fenthion and disulfoton in the environment, degradation rates of their chemicals under irradiation by visible light and each region of the ultraviolet (UV) sources, UVA (320-400 nm radiation), UVB (280-320 nm radiation) and UVC (250-260 nm radiation) in liquid-and solid-phases were determined and their photolysis products identified. Although visible light did not cause photodegradation of either fenthion or disulfoton even after the maximal irradiation of 8 hr in both phases, all the ranges of UV sources resulted in the photolysis of both pesticides, despite the solid-phase. The photolysis rates of fenthion under UVB and UVC irradiation in both phases were higher than that under UVA irradiation and also exceeded all of the degradation rates of disulfoton. This confirms that fenthion is more readily degraded than disulfoton in the UVB range. Fenthion sulfoxide and disulfoton sulfoxide were identified as oxidative photolysis products whose photolysis rates were considerably slower than parent compounds, and the oxidation reaction of both pesticides in the liquid-phase was superior to those on the solid-phase, indicating that dissolved oxygen in water is an important factor affecting the photolysis. These results suggest that fenthion in the environment is more rapidly degraded by UVB irradiation in natural sunlight than disulfoton, and sulfoxides of both pesticides remain stable as a photolysis product in the environment.

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“…Initial deposition of different herbicides in soil was in the order of pendimethalin > alachlor and could be attributed to the rate of application (Janaki et al, 2012b). Further the difference in initial deposition could be attributed to the physical and chemical properties of the herbicides such as organic-carbon and mineral-surface sorption coefficients, aqueous solubility, soil dissipation half-life etc., and environment factors such as application rate, herbicide persistence and mobility, rainfall, topography, and climate (Lin et al, 1999, Shaner, 2012.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field dissipation of pendimethalin and alachlor in sandy clay loam soil and its terminal residues in sunflower (Helianthus annus L.)

Janaki

Chinnusamy

Sakthivel

et al. 2015

JANS

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Abstract:Field experiments were conducted with sunflower as a test crop during 2010-11 to study the dissipation kinetics and the persistence of pendimethalin and alachlor in sandy clay loam soil and its terminal residues in sunflower. Herbicides were applied at recommended and double the recommended dose along with control and the treatments were replicated thrice in randomized block design. The soil and plant samples collected at periodical intervals for herbicides residue determination using GC equipped with ECD detector. Results shows that the degradation of both the herbicides in soil was faster at higher dose of application than at the lower dose and the concentration decreased with the advancement in crop growth. While pendimethalin persisted in soil for 60 -90 days, the alachlor persisted in soil for 30 -45 days depending on the quantity of application. Degradation of both the herbicides in soil followed first order kinetics with the mean half life of 14.6 and 9.8 days respectively for pendimethalin and alachlor. Residues of these herbicides were below 0.001 mg/kg at the time of harvest in soil, sunflower seeds and stalks showed that these herbicides a can be safely used for the control of weeds in sunflower cultivation.

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Effect of Simulated Sunlight on Atrazine and Metolachlor Toxicity of Surface Waters

Cited by 48 publications

References 13 publications

Seasonal variability in irradiance affects herbicide toxicity to the marine flagellate Dunaliella tertiolecta

Seasonal variability in irradiance affects herbicide toxicity to the marine flagellate Dunaliella tertiolecta

Comparative Photodegradation Study of Fenthion and Disulfoton under Irradiation of Different Light Sources in Liquid- and Solid-Phases

Field dissipation of pendimethalin and alachlor in sandy clay loam soil and its terminal residues in sunflower (Helianthus annus L.)

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