Effect of short-term cold-water immersion on muscle pain sensitivity in elite track cyclists

Klich, Sebastian; Krymski, Igor; Michalik, Kamil; Kawczyński, Adam

doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.04.022

Cited by 22 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Higher differences in sprinter's stiffness might be related to training specificity, e.g., short-term maximal efforts. Our previous study reported an increase in thigh muscle (especially VL) pain sensitivity after maximal anaerobic power training (Klich et al, 2018) and 200 m flying start (Klich et al, 2020). The training loads in endurance cyclists are mainly focused on aerobic capacity, and overloads does not seem to influence stiffness and thickness (Karamanidis and Arampatzis, 2006).…”

Section: Physiological Perspective To Acute and Chronic Mechanisms Fomentioning

confidence: 96%

“…In our study, both tendons increased their thickness; however, a higher percentage increase was observed within the PT (∼6-7%). In general, cycling training is based on short-term high-intensity exercises, strength training (sprint cyclists) (Klich et al, 2018), and aerobic training (endurance cyclists) (Craig and Norton, 2001;Faria et al, 2005). Thus, changes in morphological properties are mostly considered due to tendon adaptation (Visnes et al, 2015).…”

Section: Effect Of 200 M Flying Start and 4000 M Pursuit Race On Qt mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Quadriceps and patellar tendinopathy should be diagnosed by noninvasive, real-time methods based on measures of thickness and mechanical properties of PT and QT tendons (Loturco et al, 2015;Klich et al, 2018Klich et al, , 2020. Mechanical loadings within thigh muscles can affect QT and PT thickness as well as stiffness (Loturco et al, 2015;Klich et al, 2018). Thus, the assessment of thigh muscles and tendons using ultrasonography and myotonometry could be used to assess the effects of muscle loading during cycling competitions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quadriceps and Patellar Tendon Thickness and Stiffness in Elite Track Cyclists: An Ultrasonographic and Myotonometric Evaluation

Klich

Ficek

Krymski³

et al. 2020

Front. Physiol.

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Track cyclists are required to perform short- and long-term efforts during sprint and endurance race events, respectively. The 200 m flying sprint races require maximal power output and anaerobic capacity, while the 4,000 m pursuit cyclists demand a high level of aerobic capacity. Our goal was to investigate spatial changes in morphological and mechanical properties displayed using 3D topographical maps of the quadriceps muscle and tendons after 200 m flying start and 4,000 m individual pursuit race in elite track cyclists. We hypothesized a non-uniform distribution of the changes in the quadriceps muscle stiffness (QMstiff), and acute alterations in quadriceps tendon (QTthick) and patellar tendon (PTthick) thickness. Fifteen men elite sprint and 15 elite men endurance track cyclists participated. Sprint track cyclists participated in a 200 m flying start, while endurance track cyclists in 4,000 m individual pursuit. Outcomes including QTthick (5–10–15 mm proximal to the upper edge of the patella), PTthick (5–10–15–20 mm inferior to the apex of the patella)—using ultrasonography evaluation, QMstiff, and quadriceps tendon stiffness (QTstiff) were measured according to anatomically defined locations (point 1–8) and patellar tendon stiffness (PTstiff)—using myotonometry, measured in a midway point between the patella distal and the tuberosity of tibial. All parameters were assessed before and after (up to 5 min) the 200 m or 4,000 m events. Sprint track cyclists had significantly larger QTthick and PTthick than endurance track cyclists. Post-hoc analysis showed significant spatial differences in QMstiff between rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis in sprint track cyclists. At before race, sprint track cyclists presented significantly higher mean QTthick and PTthick, and higher QMstiff and the QTstiff, as compared with the endurance track cyclists. The observed changes in PTThick and QTThick were mostly related to adaptation-based vascularity and hypertrophy processes. The current study suggests that assessments using both ultrasonography and myotonometry provides crucial information about tendons and muscles properties and their acute adaptation to exercise. Higher stiffness in sprint compared with endurance track cyclists at baseline seems to highlight alterations in mechanical properties of the tendon and muscle that could lead to overuse injuries.

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Section: Physiological Perspective To Acute and Chronic Mechanisms Fomentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Effect Of 200 M Flying Start and 4000 M Pursuit Race On Qt mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quadriceps and Patellar Tendon Thickness and Stiffness in Elite Track Cyclists: An Ultrasonographic and Myotonometric Evaluation

Klich

Ficek

Krymski³

et al. 2020

Front. Physiol.

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“…The intrarater test-retest reliability results were ICC(3.2) = 0.92, MDC90 = 0.34 mm, and SEM = 0.13 for the PFFD and ICC(3.2) = 0.98, MDC = 0.04, and SEM = 0.05 for the PPPT [7]. The intrarater test-retest reliability results were ICC(3.2) = 0.92, MDC90 = 0.34 mm, and SEM = 0.13 for the PFFD and ICC(3.2) = 0.98, MDC = 0.04, and SEM = 0.05 for the PPT.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Excessive forces during running and futsal/soccer training cause overuse injuries in the foot and ankle because the plantar foot force distribution (FFD) under the rearfoot and forefoot increases, and the plantar pressure pain threshold (PPT) decreases [3][4][5]. Podobarography and pressure algometry are reliable research tools that are commonly used in sport science and medicine to investigate foot function (assessed by FFD) and monitor pain sensation (assessed by PPT) [6,7]. The FFD may reflect the effect of functional or structural alterations in foot morphology and gait biomechanics and may be used to estimate injury probability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preventative Taping in Futsal: An Exploratory Analysis of Low-Dye Taping on Planter Force Distribution and Pain Sensitivity

et al. 2020

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the changes in plantar foot force distribution (i.e., the percentage of force and force distribution under the rearfoot and forefoot) and plantar pressure pain sensitivity maps in professional futsal players after long-term low-dye taping (LDT). The subjects (n = 25) were male futsal players (age 23.03 ± 1.15 years). During the experiment, a nonelastic tape was applied on the plantar foot surface according to the standards of LDP. The experimental protocol consisted of a 3-day cycle during which the plantar foot force distribution (FFD) and plantar pressure pain threshold (PPT) were measured: (1) before the tape was applied, (2) 24 h after application, and (3) 72 h after application. The results revealed a significant decrease in the force distribution under the rearfoot (p ≤ 0.001) and forefoot (p ≤ 0.001) on the right and left sides. Moreover, the results showed an increase in the plantar pressure pain threshold in all regions of the foot (p ≤ 0.001). The results of this study suggest that plantar fascial taping can be an effective method for normalizing the force distribution on the foot and reducing the plantar pain threshold. The findings provide useful information regarding the prevention of and physical therapy of lower extremity injuries in soccer and futsal.

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Short all‐out isokinetic cycling exercises of 90 and 15 s unlock exercise‐induced hypoalgesia

Tomschi,

Schulz,

Stephan

et al. 2024

European Journal of Pain

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BackgroundAcute physical activity leads to exercise‐induced hypoalgesia (EIH). However, to what degree it can be induced by very short but highly intensive exercise is largely unknown. This study aims to investigate the effects of two different short all‐out isokinetic exercise sessions on EIH.MethodsTwenty young male participants underwent three different interventions (90, 15 s all‐out isokinetic cycling, respectively, and control) after an individualized low‐intensity warm‐up in a randomized‐controlled‐crossover design. Before (pre), after warm‐up (post 1) as well as immediately post‐intervention (post 2) pain sensitivity was measured employing pressure pain thresholds (PPT; in N) at the elbow, knee and ankle joints as well as the sternum and forehead. Performance parameters (e.g. lactate, perceived exertion, heart rate) were documented.ResultsA ‘time’ × ‘intervention’ × ‘body site’ interaction effect (p < 0.001, η2 partial = 0.110) was observed for PPT. Both isokinetic interventions resulted in EIH at all body sites, even after ruling out any warm‐up effects, while effects were larger for 90 s (maximum increase of 25.7 ± 11.7 N) compared to 15 s (maximum increase of 19.3 ± 18.9 N), and control (maximum increase of 8.0 ± 6.1 N). Compared to control, 15 s also resulted in hypoalgesic effects and differences were not observed at all sites. In this study, 90 s resulted in higher lactate, subjective exhaustion and heart rate levels compared to 15 s and control (p < 0.001), while higher values were also observed for 15 s compared to control.ConclusionGlobal EIH assessed immediately after exercise can be induced by short highly intensive exercises. The effects are greater when the subjective and the objective exertion are higher as induced by the 90 s intervention.Significance StatementThis study investigates the potential for brief, highly intensive exercise sessions to induce exercise‐induced hypoalgesia (EIH). The research demonstrates that EIH can indeed be triggered by such short workouts, with greater effects observed during a 90 s session compared to a 15 s one, most likely due to higher subjective and objective exertion. These findings offer insights into the potential for extremely brief but intense exercises to alleviate pain, impacting exercise recommendations and pain management strategies.

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Effect of short-term cold-water immersion on muscle pain sensitivity in elite track cyclists

Cited by 22 publications

References 42 publications

Quadriceps and Patellar Tendon Thickness and Stiffness in Elite Track Cyclists: An Ultrasonographic and Myotonometric Evaluation

Quadriceps and Patellar Tendon Thickness and Stiffness in Elite Track Cyclists: An Ultrasonographic and Myotonometric Evaluation

Preventative Taping in Futsal: An Exploratory Analysis of Low-Dye Taping on Planter Force Distribution and Pain Sensitivity

Short all‐out isokinetic cycling exercises of 90 and 15 s unlock exercise‐induced hypoalgesia

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