Effect of short periods of arterial occlusion on blood flow and oxygen uptake

Abstract

In 17 experiments, performed on the forearm of normal subjects, the effect of 2½, 5, and 10 min of arterial occlusion was studied. Blood flow was obtained with the venous occlusion plethysmograph, and oxygen uptake was calculated using the Fick principle. Arterial occlusion resulted in the production of an oxygen debt which was subsequently repaid. With progressively longer periods of anoxia there was a proportionate increase in the magnitude of the debt. Similar conclusions could not be drawn from blood flow studies alone, since the vascular change represented only one means of repayment of the oxygen debt during reactive hyperemia, the other being a greater extraction of oxygen from each unit of blood early in the postocclusion period. The constant overswing on either side of the control base line, observed in the records of oxygen uptake, suggested the absence of delicately balanced and efficient checks on the mechanisms responsible for repayment of the oxygen debt incurred in the period of tissue anoxia. Submitted on March 27, 1961

Evaluation of Cuff-Induced Ischemia in the Lower Extremity by Magnetic Resonance Oximetry

“…The authors found the longer period of tissue hypoxia in the forearm to lead to increased duration of hyperemia as described above and the magnitude of the peak flow, which occurred within 10 – 15s, increased only marginally after a 5-minute occlusion compared to 3 minute. A direct comparison cannot be made between our data and the results of Nishiyama et al(29) and Abramson et al (30) because we are quantifying venous blood oxygenation instead of arterial blood flow rate. However, it is intuitive that the washout time and upslope – parameters that characterize the early phase of hyperemia - are most likely related to the magnitude and time required to achieve peak post-ischemic flow rate.…”

“…Nishiyama et al (29) found the blood flow rate during the recovery period to be much greater in young healthy subjects and, according to the work by Abramson et al (30), is maintained longer in proportion to the cuff-occlusion period. Similarly, we found a greater overshoot in the younger compared to the older healthy age group, an effect that was significant for 5 minutes (p = 0.0116) but not for 3 minutes of occlusion (p < 0.16).…”

“…Nishiyama et al (29) found that the peak post-ischemic blood flow rate in the popliteal artery occurs less than 10s after a 5 minutes of occlusion regardless of age (average age of 26 vs. 72) in healthy subjects but the magnitude was significantly greater in young compared to old subjects and the noticeable difference in the flow rate was maintained for approximately a minute. In a study by Abramson et al (30), the flow rate in the forearm of healthy young subjects was evaluated in response to 2.5-and 5-minute cuff occlusion. The authors found the longer period of tissue hypoxia in the forearm to lead to increased duration of hyperemia as described above and the magnitude of the peak flow, which occurred within 10 – 15s, increased only marginally after a 5-minute occlusion compared to 3 minute.…”

Characteristics of Reactive Hyperemia in the Canine Intestine

“…They demonstrated that after five minutes of ischemia, controlled re-entry of blood at the preocclusion flow rate was enough to abolish reactive hyperemia, i. e., the "overshoot" was not necessary for repayment of debt. There are better studies which examine the total oxygen debt, and its subsequent repayment as was done in skeletal muscle by Abramson et al, 1 Yonce and Hamilton, 18 and Crawford et al, 84 and in the heart by Coffman and Gregg. 16 This has not been studied systematically in the intestine, but based upon available data from this laboratory, an estimate of re-…”

Oxygenation and Flow in the Limbs: Novel Methods to Characterize Peripheral Artery Disease

“…The magnetic susceptibility of blood is determined by the volume fraction of the paramagnetic deoxyhemoglobin in red blood cells 39 and scales linearly with (1 – HbO2). Under normal conditions tissue oxygen debt created by periods of ischemia due to arterial occlusion is followed by reactive hyperemia and increased oxygen uptake 40 . As such, repeated measurements of venous oxygen saturation following a period of hypoxia reflect the rate at which deoxygenated blood is replaced, which depends on endothelial function.…”