Effect of Set and Work Speed on Time Estimation

Bakan, Paul

doi:10.2466/pms.5..147-148

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…In one set of studies (Bakan, 1955; Burnside, 1971;Curton & Lordahl, 1974;DeWolfe & Duncan, 1959;Hicks & Brundige, 1974;McKay, 1977; Vroon, 1970), estimates decreased as the amount of information presented during the interval increased. The second set of studies (Aitken & Gedye, 1968; Buffardi, 1971;Craig, 1973; Mo, 1975; Thomas & Brown, 1974) produced the filled-duration illusion-intervals filled with nonverbal stimuli such as lights or tones were A summary of this paper was presented at the American Psychological Association convention, Washington, D,C., August 1982.…”

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confidence: 98%

Interval estimation: Effect of processing demands on prospective and retrospective reports

McClain

1983

Perception & Psychophysics

108

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Undergraduate students performed one of three levels of processing on each word (15, 30, or 45) presented during a 120-sec interval. Subjects were told in advance that they would be required to estimate the length of the presentation interval (prospective condition) or were presented with an unexpected estimation task (retrospective condition). In the prospective condition, interval estimates were an inverse function of list length when relatively deep levels of processing were required, but were an increasing function of list length when shallow processing was required. In the retrospective condition, estimates were an increasing function of list length and were unaffected by different levels of processing. The interval estimation model proposed by Hicks, Miller, and Kinsboume (1976) provided a better account of the data than did the storage-size hypothesis of Omstein (1969).Interval estimation requires subjects to indicate the length of a given interval in the absence of an external timing device. Different paradigms have produced different results and have spawned opposing theories of interval estimation. When subjects have not known in advance that estimates would be required, that is, the retrospective paradigm was used, estimates increased as the amount of information presented during the interval increased (

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confidence: 98%

Interval estimation: Effect of processing demands on prospective and retrospective reports

McClain

1983

Perception & Psychophysics

108

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“…Despite the apparent importance of speed in the everyday experience of time, only a few studies have investigated its influence on time perception. Bakan (1955) found that the faster subjects worked at a number-searching task the shorter their estimates of duration. Greenberg and Kurz (1968) found that women doing a speeded card-sorting task gave shorter estimates than those doing an unspeeded task.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…A sensible solution would be to adopt one task and vary a previously determined characteristic of the task known to affect the amount of attention required, for example, speed (Bakan, 1955;Greenberg & Kurz, 1968). This was the procedure adopted in the present study where speed was used to vary the demands of the task.…”

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Time Perception: Effects of Task Speed and Delay

Pedri

Hesketh

1993

Percept Mot Skills

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The study examined the effect of task speed and delay on the perception of time. 60 subjects were randomly allocated to four groups in a 2 x 2 design. The first factor related to the speed of the task (fast or slow) undertaken during the time to be estimated, while the second factor related to when time estimates were obtained (immediately after the task versus following a delay). Analysis supported the hypothesised interaction, with time estimates being shorter in the fast than in the slow condition when obtained immediately after the task but longer in the fast than the slow condition when obtained after a delay. Results are discussed in relation to cognitive theories of time perception.

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“…Gilliland, Hofeld, and Eckstrand (1946) questioned whether the duration judgment paradigm would influence duration judgments, but their review did not report any evidence. To our knowledge, Bakan (1955) conducted the first experiment. However, only a few studies reviewed here cited his experiment, perhaps partly because he found no significant difference between prospective and retrospective duration judgments.…”

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confidence: 99%

Prospective and retrospective duration judgments: A meta-analytic review

1997

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A meta-analytic review compared prospective and retrospective judgments of duration, or duration judgment paradigm. Some theorists have concluded that the two paradigms involve similar cognitive processes, whereas others have found that they involve different processes. A review of 20 experiments revealed that prospective judgments are longer and less variable than are retrospective judgments. Several theoretically important variables moderate these effects, especially those concerned with information processing activities. Therefore, somewhat different cognitive processes subserve experienced and remembered duration. Attentional models are needed to explain prospective judgments, and memory-based models are needed to explain retrospective judgments. These findings clarify models of human duration judgment and suggest directions for future research. Evidence on duration judgments may also influence models of attention and memory.Timing is essential to ensure the optimal functioning of organisms. People may look both backward and forward into time, remembering past events and anticipating future events. Under many conditions, people focus mainly on present events. A person must encode temporal properties of important events, construct cognitive representations of those properties, and use those representations for actions. For example, driving a car requires a person to estimate durations in order to engage in appropriate actions at the correct time.Perhaps because the time dimension plays such an important role, the psychology of time was one of the important topics of early psychological research and theorizing (Block, 1990;Michon & Jackson, 1985). We may view human temporal experiences in several ways, depending on whether we emphasize simultaneity, successiveness, temporal order, duration, or temporal perspective. We focus here on duration, especially in the range of seconds and minutes. Duration timing in this range is essential for representing the present and recently past external environment. The experience ofduration is the most

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Effect of Set and Work Speed on Time Estimation

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Interval estimation: Effect of processing demands on prospective and retrospective reports

Interval estimation: Effect of processing demands on prospective and retrospective reports

Time Perception: Effects of Task Speed and Delay

Prospective and retrospective duration judgments: A meta-analytic review

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