Effect of seasonal change on the biomechanical and physical properties of the human skin

Uchegbulam, Ifeanyi; Danby, Simon; Lewis, Roger; Carré, Matt; Maiti, Raman

doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.105058

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(67 reference statements)

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“…When comparing the epidermal thicknesses within a treatment group across the specific skin locations, the differences were mostly non-significant. The lone exception was the BZK + caprylyl glycol solution, which showed a significant difference in observed thickness between the thigh and abdomen (p-value 0.0118) (S6A Fig) . Since there were minimal differences between the skin locations and our observed epidermal widths were similar to those observed in other studies [27][28][29][30][31]; the skin locations were combined for further analyses (Table 1…”

Section: Epidermis Thicknesssupporting

confidence: 66%

“…The dermis, the largest layer, is composed of connective tissue and contains fibroblasts, hair follicles, sensory organs, nerves, sweat glands, oil glands, and blood vessels [25]. Both the epidermis and dermis are influenced by factors such as skin region, sex, age, skin tone, weight, and seasons of the year, resulting in a large amount of variability in the exact skin layer widths [27][28][29][30][31]. Finally, the subcutaneous membrane is the layer of fat between the dermis and the muscles, major vasculature, and other internal organs [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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MALDI-TOF imaging analysis of benzalkonium chloride penetration in ex vivo human skin

Morse,

Hite,

Wamer

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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Benzalkonium chloride (BZK), alkyldimethylbenzlamonium chloride, is a cationic surfactant that is used as an antiseptic. BZK is classified as a quaternary ammonium compound composed of molecules of several alkyl chains of differing lengths, that dictate its effectiveness towards different microbes. As a result, BZK has become one of the most used preservatives in antibacterial solutions. Despite its widespread use, it is not clear whether BZK penetrates human skin. To answer this question, BZK treated skin was analyzed using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry imaging. Solutions containing BZK and differing excipients, including citric acid, caprylyl glycol, and vitamin E, were applied ex vivo to excised human skin using Franz diffusion cells. Treated skin was embedded in gelatin and sectioned prior to MALDI-TOF imaging. BZK penetrates through the epidermis and into the dermis, and the penetration depth was significantly altered by pH and additives in tested solutions.

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Section: Epidermis Thicknesssupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MALDI-TOF imaging analysis of benzalkonium chloride penetration in ex vivo human skin

Morse,

Hite,

Wamer

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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“…2.25 GPa (+9.4%) (see Figure 2a). In this context, it is interesting to note that a similar seasonal relative change has been observed for the stiffness of skin [8]. In comparison, the treatments (A → B) effect only a small difference from 2.18 to 2.14 GPa (−1.7%) (see Figure 2b).…”

supporting

confidence: 69%

“…This background led us to speculate that the variability of the results in Figure 1 may contain a seasonal component. We consider the plausibility of this consideration to be supported by recent research on the seasonal changes of hair fibres (yak [7]) and skin [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A consumer cross‐over trial suggests that there are significant seasonal changes of the tensile properties (wet) of human hair

Wortmann,

Wortmann

2023

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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ObjectivesThrough the cooperation with an industrial partner, we gained a set of data for the tensile properties (wet) of human hair. The hair samples originated from a cross‐over study with two groups of individuals, using for a topical application sequentially two products (A and B). Each phase of the study lasted six months. The phases of the study were by chance covering first largely the winter and then the summer period. Initially, tensile variables were chosen, which not only reflect the mechanical properties of hair (modulus, break strain, break stress) but which are also considered to have a good connection to practice‐relevant hair properties. The initial analysis of the data showed that changes were observed for the variables due to the treatment phases. However, these were either small or difficult to interpret.MethodsAgainst this background and using Two‐Factor Analysis of Variance, we investigated the hypothesis that the tensile properties of hair (wet) may show significant seasonal changes. For this we chose those two independent variables, which reflect the properties of the intermediate filaments (modulus) and the matrix (break strain) in the composite structure of the hair cortex.ResultsThe results support the ‘seasonal’ hypothesis and clearly show that the variables show significant changes from Winter to Summer (modulus: 10% increase, break strain: 3% decrease). The seasonal effect was thus a major reason, why the first stage of the analysis of the data was inconclusive.ConclusionsThe tensile properties of the main morphological components of the cortex show distinct seasonal changes. Towards the summer the hair becomes stiffer and more brittle. Furthermore, the results suggest that seasonal effects may need to be taken into account when conducting studies on lengths of hair grown during different seasons.

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“…It has to be noted that all patients were included in Spring. The season could not have had any impact on skin thickness as it has been showed by Uchegbulam et al (2022).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Evaluation of breast skin and tissue stiffness using a non‐invasive aspiration device and impact of clinical predictors

Duraes,

Briot,

Connesson

et al. 2024

Clinical Anatomy

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A personalized 3D breast model could present a real benefit for preoperative discussion with patients, surgical planning, and guidance. Breast tissue biomechanical properties have been poorly studied in vivo, although they are important for breast deformation simulation. The main objective of our study was to determine breast skin thickness and breast skin and adipose/fibroglandular tissue stiffness. The secondary objective was to assess clinical predictors of elasticity and thickness: age, smoking status, body mass index, contraception, pregnancies, breastfeeding, menopausal status, history of radiotherapy or breast surgery. Participants were included at the Montpellier University Breast Surgery Department from March to May 2022. Breast skin thickness was measured by ultrasonography, breast skin and adipose/fibroglandular tissue stiffnesses were determined with a VLASTIC non‐invasive aspiration device at three different sites (breast segments I–III). Multivariable linear models were used to assess clinical predictors of elasticity and thickness. In this cohort of 196 women, the mean breast skin and adipose/fibroglandular tissue stiffness values were 39 and 3 kPa, respectively. The mean breast skin thickness was 1.83 mm. Only menopausal status was significantly correlated with breast skin thickness and adipose/fibroglandular tissue stiffness. The next step will be to implement these stiffness and thickness values in a biomechanical breast model and to evaluate its capacity to predict breast tissue deformations.

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Effect of seasonal change on the biomechanical and physical properties of the human skin

Cited by 6 publications

References 47 publications

MALDI-TOF imaging analysis of benzalkonium chloride penetration in ex vivo human skin

MALDI-TOF imaging analysis of benzalkonium chloride penetration in ex vivo human skin

A consumer cross‐over trial suggests that there are significant seasonal changes of the tensile properties (wet) of human hair

Evaluation of breast skin and tissue stiffness using a non‐invasive aspiration device and impact of clinical predictors

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