Effect ofDRD4Receptor −616 C/G Polymorphism on ThalamicGABALevels in Pediatric Patients With Primary Nocturnal Enuresis

Abstract

Background The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) promoter (−616; rs747302) is associated with abnormalities of the thalamus in children suffering from primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE). Purpose To investigate the effect of DRD4 −616 C/G SNP on thalamic gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in PNE children. Study Type Prospective, observational. Subjects One hundred and seventy‐six children with PNE and 161 healthy control children. Field Strength/Sequence 3 T, three‐dimensional T1‐weighted turbo field echo sequence and MEscher–Garwood Point RESolved Spectroscopy (MEGA‐PRESS) MRS sequence. Assessment The MEGA‐PRESS MRS sequence was used to measure thalamic GABA spectra. The thalamic GABA+ level was calculated using the Gannet 3.0 software package for each participant. A questionnaire was used to determine arousal from sleep (AS) scores. Statistical Tests Comparisons of the AS scores and thalamic GABA+ levels were performed using the Mann–Whitney U test between C‐allele carriers and GG homozygotes in the PNE and control groups. Spearman correlation analysis was performed to determine the association between AS scores and thalamic GABA levels in PNE children. Results Thalamic GABA levels in the PNE group were significantly higher than those in the healthy control group (0.178 (0.169–0.186) vs. 0.154 (0.146–0.164), Z = 8.526, Pcorrected < 0.001). The GABA levels in C‐allele carriers were significantly higher than those in GG homozygotes in both the PNE and control groups (0.184 (0.181–0.193) vs. 0.170 (0.165–0.177), Z = 8.683, Pcorrected < 0.001; 0.166 (0.156–0.170) vs. 0.147 (0.141–0.152), Z = 9.445, Pcorrected < 0.001). GABA levels in the thalamus were also significantly and positively correlated with AS scores in C‐allele carriers in the PNE group (r = 0.747, P < 0.05). Data Conclusion DRD4 −616 C allele may be associated with increased thalamic GABA+ levels, especially in C‐allele carrying PNE children. Level of Evidence 2 Technical Efficacy Stage 3

Comprehensive Analysis Between Ferroptosis-Related Gene Signatures and Neuroblastoma Prognosis

“…According to previous studies, DRD4 (the dopamine D4 receptor gene) is closely related to nervous system abnormalities, such as attention-de cit, Primary Nocturnal Enuresis, etc. [10][11][12]. To further explore the potential role of our model in NB in this study, we take DRD4 as an example.…”