Effect of <scp>COVID</scp>‐19 vaccinations on menstrual cycle and postmenopausal bleeding among health care workers: A cross‐sectional study

Farah, Stephanie; Hijazi, Mariam; Aoun, Eliane; Boueri, Myriam; Nasr, Elena; Chlala, Walid; Salem, Marie Josee; Moufawad, Graziella; Farah, Dany; Hayek, Pamela El; Jallad, Karl; Ghaname, Wadih; Ziadeh, Hanane

doi:10.1002/ijgo.14809

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Two studies did not find an association between hormonal contraceptives and menstrual abnormalities (Muhaidat et al, 2022;Duijster et al, 2023). Other significant associated factors that increased the risk were age (Lee et al, 2022;Morsi et al, 2022;Farah et al, 2023), greater body mass index (Farland et al, 2022), number of children (Muhaidat et al, 2022), marital status (Morsi et al, 2022;Muhaidat et al, 2022), smoking (Alvergne et al, 2023b), education level (Farah et al, 2023), being Hispanic of Latinx (Lee et al, 2022), and high selfreported perceived stress levels (Farland et al, 2022;Bisgaard Jensen et al, 2023). A history of COVID-19 infection decreased the risk in the study by Farland et al (OR = 0.58; 95%CI 0.32-1.04) (Farland et al, 2022), while Alvergne et al and Bisgaard Jensen et al found higher risks for this subgroup (PR = 1.46, 95%CI 1.22-1.75, OR = 2.17, 95%CI 1.40-3.35, respectively) (Alvergne et al, 2023b;Bisgaard Jensen et al, 2023).…”

Section: Covid-19 Vaccines and Menstrual Disordersmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Trogstad et al found a RR of 1.09 (95%CI 1.01-1.17) after the first dose, and a RR of 1.49 (95%CI 1.37-1.62) after the second dose (Trogstad et al, 2023). Other studies reported 1% (Farah et al, 2023), 2.4% (Taşkaldıran et al, 2022), 16% (Zhang et al, 2022), and19% (Duijster et al, 2023) of women experiencing intermenstrual bleeding after vaccination. (Caspersen et al, 2023).…”

Section: Covid-19 Vaccination and Breakthrough Bleedingmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…One study found that heavy menstrual bleeding after vaccination was associated with a history of prolonged and heavy menses (Issakov et al, 2022). Other comorbidities including endometriosis, hypertension, menorrhagia, fibroids, adenomyosis, thyroid disorders, and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) were also significantly related factors (Lee et al, 2022;Muhaidat et al, 2022;Farah et al, 2023;Saleh Alzahrani et al, 2023). Although the use of non-hormonal intrauterine devices was positively correlated with excessive bleeding in one study (Issakov et al, 2022;Alvergne et al, 2023b) found that hormonal contraception decreased the risk of reporting menstrual changes by 50%, Farland et al (Farland et al, 2022) found that using any hormonal medication decreased the risk of menstrual cycle changes by 27% (OR = 0.73; 95%CI 0.49-1.08), and (Bisgaard Jensen et al, 2023) found lower odds of reporting any menstrual change (OR = 1.71; 95%CI 0.65-0.78).…”

Section: Covid-19 Vaccines and Menstrual Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Menstrual disorders following COVID-19 vaccination: a review using a systematic search

Smaardijk,

Jajou,

Kant

et al. 2024

Front. Drug Saf. Regul.

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Introduction:Menstrual disorders are commonly reported after COVID-19 vaccination and heavy menstrual bleeding was added to the product information of the COVID-19 vaccines of Moderna and Pfizer. The aim of this review, using a systematic search, is to provide an overview of available literature on the risk of menstrual disorders after COVID-19 vaccination.Methods: The review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. A PubMed search was performed on 15 August 2023, including solely quantitative studies in English and Dutch.Results: A total of 61 studies were included, of which 40 were cross-sectional studies, 18 cohort studies, and three self-controlled case series. Outcomes included a wide variety of menstrual disorders, including changes in cycle length (n = 54), changes in the amount of bleeding (n = 44), changes in menses length (n = 30), changes in the experience of (pre)menstrual pain (n = 21), and breakthrough bleeding (n = 18). All included studies found a higher percentage of at least one menstrual disorder in the first cycle after different types of COVID-19 vaccination and after different doses.Discussion: In conclusion, evidence suggests that COVID-19 vaccines may cause menstrual changes in women of reproductive age. However, there is a need for more longitudinal studies because of important limitations in the study designs of many of the included studies. Although menstrual changes are short-lived and predominantly mild, it is important for women and healthcare professionals to be informed about these potential adverse reactions and to assess these events in clinical trials on vaccines.

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Section: Covid-19 Vaccines and Menstrual Disordersmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Covid-19 Vaccination and Breakthrough Bleedingmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Covid-19 Vaccines and Menstrual Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Menstrual disorders following COVID-19 vaccination: a review using a systematic search

Smaardijk,

Jajou,

Kant

et al. 2024

Front. Drug Saf. Regul.

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Association between COVID-19 vaccination and menstruation: a state of the science review

Payne,

Wise,

Wesselink

et al. 2024

BMJ Sex Reprod Health

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IntroductionMenstrual health is a key patient-reported outcome beyond its importance as a general indicator of health and fertility. However, menstrual function was not measured in the clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccines. The purpose of this review was to synthesise the existing literature on the relationship between COVID-19 vaccination and menstrual health outcomes.MethodsA PubMed search to 31 October 2023 identified a total of 53 publications: 11 prospective cohort studies, 11 retrospective cohort studies or registry-based cohort studies, and 31 cross-sectional or retrospective case–control studies.ResultsIdentified studies were generally at moderate-to-high risk of bias due to retrospective design, interviewer bias, and failure to include a non-vaccinated control group. Nonetheless, the bulk of the literature demonstrates that COVID-19 vaccine is associated with temporary changes in menstrual characteristics (cycle length and flow) and menstrual pain. Follicular phase (at the time of vaccination) is associated with greater increases in cycle length. Evidence suggests temporary post-vaccine menstrual changes in adolescents, abnormal vaginal bleeding in postmenopausal individuals, and a potential protective effect of using hormonal contraception.ConclusionsIn this review we found evidence supporting an association between the COVID-19 vaccine and menstrual health outcomes. Given the importance of menstrual function to overall health, we recommend that all future vaccine trials include menstruation as a study outcome. Future vaccine studies should include rigorous assessment of the menstrual cycle as an outcome variable to limit sources of bias, identify biological mechanisms, and elucidate the impact of stress.

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Effect of COVID‐19 vaccinations on menstrual cycle and postmenopausal bleeding among health care workers: A cross‐sectional study

Cited by 2 publications

References 26 publications

Menstrual disorders following COVID-19 vaccination: a review using a systematic search

Menstrual disorders following COVID-19 vaccination: a review using a systematic search

Association between COVID-19 vaccination and menstruation: a state of the science review

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