Effect of salivary gland extract from Ixodes ricinus ticks on the proliferation of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto in vivo

Machácková, Martina; Oborník, Miroslav; Kopecký, Jan

doi:10.14411/fp.2006.020

Cited by 26 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…The B31 strain of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto was cultivated in BSK‐H medium (Sigma) supplemented with 6% rabbit serum and 1% antibiotic mixture for Borrelia (Sigma) at 34°C. The ninth passage of B31 spirochetes was used for the experiments (Machackova et al ., 2006). Fifteen C3H mice were infected intradermally at the dorsal thoracic midline with a dose of 5 × 10 3 spirochetes in BSK‐H medium, at a total volume 10 µl.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The crystal structures of two salivary cystatins from the tick Ixodes scapularis and the effect of these inhibitors on the establishment of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in a murine model

Kotsyfakis

Horká

Salát

et al. 2010

Molecular Microbiology

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SummaryWe have previously demonstrated that two salivary cysteine protease inhibitors from the Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) vector Ixodes scapularisnamely sialostatins L and L2 -play an important role in tick biology, as demonstrated by the fact that silencing of both sialostatins in tandem results in severe feeding defects. Here we show that sialostatin L2 -but not sialostatin L -facilitates the growth of B. burgdorferi in murine skin. To examine the structural basis underlying these differential effects of the two sialostatins, we have determined the crystal structures of both sialostatin L and L2. This is the first structural analysis of cystatins from an invertebrate source. Sialostatin L2 crystallizes as a monomer with an 'unusual' conformation of the N-terminus, while sialostatin L crystallizes as a domain-swapped dimer with an N-terminal conformation similar to other cystatins. Deletion of the 'unusual' N-terminal five residues of sialostatin L2 results in marked changes in its selectivity, suggesting that this region is a particularly important determinant of the biochemical activity of sialostatin L2. Collectively, our results reveal the structure of two tick salivary components that facilitate vector blood feeding and that one of them also supports pathogen transmission to the vertebrate host.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The crystal structures of two salivary cystatins from the tick Ixodes scapularis and the effect of these inhibitors on the establishment of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in a murine model

Kotsyfakis

Horká

Salát

et al. 2010

Molecular Microbiology

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“…Enhanced infection of ticks feeding on animals experimentally inoculated with pathogens and tick saliva (or SGE), i.e., direct evidence of SAT (Nuttall and Labuda, 2008), has subsequently been reported for a few other pathogens, e.g., tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) (Labuda et al, 1993a), B. burgdorferi s.l. (Pechová et al, 2002; Zeidner et al, 2002; Macháčková et al, 2006; Horká et al, 2009) and Francisella tularensis (Kročová et al, 2003) (see Table 2). …”

Section: Tick Saliva and Its Involvement In Pathogen Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tick salivary compounds: their role in modulation of host defences and pathogen transmission

Kazimírová¹,

Štibrániová²

2013

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

266

244

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Ticks require blood meal to complete development and reproduction. Multifunctional tick salivary glands play a pivotal role in tick feeding and transmission of pathogens. Tick salivary molecules injected into the host modulate host defence responses to the benefit of the feeding ticks. To colonize tick organs, tick-borne microorganisms must overcome several barriers, i.e., tick gut membrane, tick immunity, and moulting. Tick-borne pathogens co-evolved with their vectors and hosts and developed molecular adaptations to avoid adverse effects of tick and host defences. Large gaps exist in the knowledge of survival strategies of tick-borne microorganisms and on the molecular mechanisms of tick-host-pathogen interactions. Prior to transmission to a host, the microorganisms penetrate and multiply in tick salivary glands. As soon as the tick is attached to a host, gene expression and production of salivary molecules is upregulated, primarily to facilitate feeding and avoid tick rejection by the host. Pathogens exploit tick salivary molecules for their survival and multiplication in the vector and transmission to and establishment in the hosts. Promotion of pathogen transmission by bioactive molecules in tick saliva was described as saliva-assisted transmission (SAT). SAT candidates comprise compounds with anti-haemostatic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory functions, but the molecular mechanisms by which they mediate pathogen transmission are largely unknown. To date only a few tick salivary molecules associated with specific pathogen transmission have been identified and their functions partially elucidated. Advanced molecular techniques are applied in studying tick-host-pathogen interactions and provide information on expression of vector and pathogen genes during pathogen acquisition, establishment and transmission. Understanding the molecular events on the tick-host-pathogen interface may lead to development of new strategies to control tick-borne diseases.

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“…During the feeding process, saliva from the tick accompanies the spirochete into the host tissue. Recent findings have provided clear evidence of roles for various tick salivary factors, such as B cell inhibitory protein (64) and sialostatin L (84), among others (98,106,(121)(122)(123), in the localized disruption of host tissues and immune responses. The activity of these salivary factors supports the successful transmission of B. burgdorferi organisms to the host as well as providing a localized environment by which the spirochetes can evade immune clearance.…”

Section: Development Of Arthritis Upon Infection With B Burgdorferimentioning

confidence: 99%

Lyme Arthritis: Current Concepts and a Change in Paradigm

Nardelli

Callister

Schell

2008

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Effect of salivary gland extract from Ixodes ricinus ticks on the proliferation of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto in vivo

Cited by 26 publications

References 34 publications

The crystal structures of two salivary cystatins from the tick Ixodes scapularis and the effect of these inhibitors on the establishment of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in a murine model

The crystal structures of two salivary cystatins from the tick Ixodes scapularis and the effect of these inhibitors on the establishment of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in a murine model

Tick salivary compounds: their role in modulation of host defences and pathogen transmission

Lyme Arthritis: Current Concepts and a Change in Paradigm

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