Effect of salinity on oxygen consumption in fishes: a review

Abstract

The effect of salinity on resting oxygen uptake was measured in the perch Perca fluviatilis and available information on oxygen uptake in teleost species at a variety of salinities was reviewed. Trans-epithelial ion transport against a concentration gradient requires energy and exposure to salinities osmotically different from the body fluids therefore imposes an energetic demand that is expected to be lowest in brackish water compared to fresh and sea water. Across species, there is no clear trend between oxygen uptake and salinity, and estimates of cost of osmotic and ionic regulation vary from a few per cent to >30% of standard metabolism.

Cardiorespiratory upregulation during seawater acclimation in rainbow trout: effects on gastrointestinal perfusion and postprandial responses

“…Even within species such as rainbow trout, results are conflicting, with some studies showing an increased resting oxygen consumption rate (Ṁ O2 ) after several weeks in seawater (30,35), whereas we found no change in resting Ṁ O2 after 96 h in seawater (5). While this disparity may be due to the different temporal resolutions of the studies, few studies have examined metabolic responses in euryhaline fishes with respect to duration of seawater exposure (12). Furthermore, despite the aforementioned implications of altered metabolism and elevated GBF on the physiological responses to feeding in seawater, the metabolic responses to feeding (i.e., the specific dynamic action, or SDA) has to our knowledge not been compared in euryhaline fish feeding at different salinities (29,37).…”

“…However, available literature on the relationship between water salinity and energy expenditure is conflicting, with no universal trend among species (12). Even within species such as rainbow trout, results are conflicting, with some studies showing an increased resting oxygen consumption rate (Ṁ O2 ) after several weeks in seawater (30,35), whereas we found no change in resting Ṁ O2 after 96 h in seawater (5).…”

Hypersalinity drives physiological and morphological changes in Limia perugiae (Poeciliidae)

“…Previous studies estimate energetic costs at anywhere from 1% to 50% of the energy budget, depending on the tonicity of the environment (Rao, 1968; Nordlie and Lefler, 1975; Nordlie, 1978; Furspan et al, 1984; Nordlie et al . , 1991; Toepfer and Barton, 1992; Evans, 2008; Ern et al, 2014). The primary modulators of ions in fish gills are the mitochondria-rich cells, which are the site of the transmembrane ion transport proteins, specifically sodium potassium ATPase (Na + /K + ATPase) (Evans et al .…”

Seasonal variation in thermal tolerance, oxygen consumption, antioxidative enzymes and non-specific immune indices of Indian hill trout, Barilius bendelisis (Hamilton, 1807) from central Himalaya, India

“…Oxygen consumption also varies with many variables including acclimation period, bacterial population, stress on the fish, species, fish size, salinity, feeding rate, starvation, etc. (Fry, 1971;Nerici et al, 2012;Ern et al, 2014;De la Gándara et al, 2002;Das et al, 2004;Beamish, 1964) which were not considered in the present study.…”

“…Numerous factors affect rate of oxygen consumption in fish, including acclimation temperature, acclimation period, salinity Manush et al, 2004;Ern et al, 2014) and hematological parameters, gill surface area, ventilation volume and organ to body size ratio (Jobling, 1994;Benfey, 1999). Fish oxygen consumption rate is widely used indicator of metabolic rate (Jobling, 1994) mainly because knowing the metabolic cost of maintenance enables dietary energy needs to be calculated, and it is an important economic factor in aquaculture sector (Ibarz et al, 2003).…”