Effect of Salinity on Mechanical Behaviour of Well Cement: Application to Carbon Capture and Storage Wells

Gowthaman, Sivakumar; Krishnya, S.; Nasvi, M. C. M.

doi:10.4038/engineer.v49i1.6915

Cited by 3 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Gowthaman et al [7] Constituents OPC based well cement (%) Neat well cement samples (without any aggregate) were prepared with a diameter of 40 mm and a height 80 mm using PVC moulds. The water/cement (w/c) ratio used in the sample preparation was 0.44 as it has been found that this is the optimum water cement ratio that will get the maximum strength [8,10,11].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Already, a few studies [7,8,9,12,16] focusing on the behaviour of well cement of oil wells under different temperature and salinity conditions have been done. Xingshan et al [16] have conducted a research using high sulphate resistance Class G cement slurry with a w/c ratio of 0.44 to study the effect of salt content on the properties of cement slurry and on the hydration process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gowthaman et al [7] have found that the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) with sulphate resistance satisfies the requirements of API Class G cement. They have also concluded that OPC with sulphate resistance can be used instead of API Class G cement for the construction of injection wells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Combined Effect of Temperature and Salinity on the Mechanical Behaviour of Well Cement

2017

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Abstract:Carbondioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) has been identified as the best measure to reduce the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide expedites global warming. The captured carbon dioxide is stored in deep underground reservoirs using injection wells. The integrity of these wells needs to be ensured to have a durable carbon dioxide sequestration. Generally, the well cements of these underground wells lose their integrity primarily due to their degradation caused by aggressive curing temperatures and also due to the salinity conditions prevalent in the earth's down-hole. Therefore, the aim of this study was to ascertain the combined effect of the temperature and the salinity on the mechanical behavior of well cement. Sulphate resistant Class G cement samples were cured in various salinity concentrations (0 to 40% of NaCl of the weight of water) and at varying curing temperatures (25, 40, 60 and 80ºC). The mechanical behavior of well cement under these varying salinity and temperature conditions was studied by analyzing its uniaxial compressive strength and the Young's modulus. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images of degraded samples showed microstructural variations caused during the degradation process. EDX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy) tests were also carried out to find out the proportion of chemical ions in the degraded cement samples. The test results revealed that the uniaxial compressive strength of the samples initially increases up to an optimum salinity of 10% (by weight of water) and that it thereafter gradually decreases with increasing salinity. With the compressive strength varying with the curing temperature, the optimum temperature for 7 days of curing is found to be 40˚C and that for 28 days of curing is found to be 60˚C. On the whole, OPC sulphate resistant well cement shows its optimum strength at 60ºC and at a NaCl concentration of 10%.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Combined Effect of Temperature and Salinity on the Mechanical Behaviour of Well Cement

2017

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“…Due to the retardation of hydration as well as the degradation of C-S-H, the strength will reduce with salinity level. It was ensured that the white colour crystals in Figure 9-1 (b and C) are CaCl 2 solid deposits as it has been found that CaCl 2 will get formed when OPC is cured in brine water [11]. From the microstructure of the geopolymer, it can be seen that the particles are packed loosely and that large voids and a fibrous surface (Figure 9-2(d)) are formed when the structure is cured in plain water (0 % NaCl).…”

Section: Engineermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They have observed that the strength of geopolymer reduces with the curing period and that the rate of reduction of strength reduces as the brine concentration is increased with the high salt content in the brine solution offering resistance to alkali leaching. Gowthaman et al [11] studied the mechanical behaviour of Class G cement for different curing periods (7, 14, 28 and 45 days) at different salinity levels (0 %, 10 %, 20 % and 30 %) and at an average temperature of 50 °C. They have concluded that the retardation of hydration causes the strength of Class G cement to reduce as the salinity level is increased and that the hydration process will cause the strength to increase with the curing period.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Salinity Dependent Mechanical Behaviours of Geopolymer and OPC: An Application to CCS and Oil / Gas Wells

2018

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Global warming is a severe issue in which the emission of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide (CO 2), plays a vital role. Methods that are proposed to mitigate CO 2 emissions include improving the energy conversion efficiency of fossil fuels, shifting energy production to low carbon sources, enhancing CO 2 uptake by terrestrial and marine biomass and capturing CO 2 and storing it deep underground. Of all the methods, carbon capture and storage (CCS) deep underground is the best way to reduce atmospheric greenhouse gases which is often responsible for global warming. One of the major issues faced when storing CO 2 in depleted oil or gas reservoirs is its leakage through the injection wells. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) based well-cement has been used in these oil and gas wells. OPC, however, has issues such as cement degradation, leakage, strength reduction, and durability reduction when used in down-hole environments. Geopolymer can be a good alternative to OPC because of its excellent acid resistance characteristics, high strength and low shrinkage. In a typical wellbore, wellcement will be exposed to saline water that can have different salinity levels. Hence, the main aim of this study was to compare the mechanical behaviours of OPC and geopolymer cement cured in saline water for 7, 28 and 45 days at different salinity levels (0 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30 % and 40 % of NaCl). A series of experiments were conducted to compare the compressive strength and Young's modulus of OPC and geopolymer. It was observed that the compressive strength of OPC based well-cement increases as the salinity level of the brine water is increased up to 10 % NaCl and that it thereafter decreases as the NaCl percentage is further increased. On the other hand, the compressive strength of geopolymer well-cement generally increases as the brine concentration is increased. Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that geopolymer as a well-cement can perform better in saline water than OPC based well-cement, and that therefore geopolymer is suitable as a primary well-cement material.

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Influence of different brine water salinity on mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymer cement

Ridha

Hamid

Mazuan

2018

IJSI

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Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to investigate the mechanical properties changing of geopolymer cement under different brine salinity. Design/methodology/approach -Geopolymer Cement of Class F Fly Ash and Class G Cement slurries were prepared according to API RP 10B. The optimum alkaline activator/cement and water/cement ratio of 0.44 was used for geopolymer and Class G cement samples, respectively. The alkaline activator was prepared by mixing the proportion of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solutions of 8 M and Sodium Silicate (Na2SiO3) using ratio of 1:2.5 by weight. The slurries were cured for 24 hours at 130 o C and 3,000 psi in HPHT Curing Chamber followed by coring process. Both cement sample were immersed in brine water salinity up to 28 days with different brine salinity up to 30 per cent of NaCl. The mechanical properties were investigated using OYO Sonic Viewer-SX and Uniaxial Compressive Strength. The surfaces of the cement samples were extracted for Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and EDS tests to evaluate the morphology and chemical compositions of the cured samples. Findings -The paper shows that geopolymer samples experiences strength reduction in brine water but the reduction rate of geopolymer is about half of the Ordinary Portland cement based oil well cement. The finding was also verified by SEM and EDS result. Originality/value -This paper investigates the mechanical property changes of emerging geopolymer cement due to different water salinity. The results provide potential application of geopolymer cement for oil well cementing.

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Effect of Salinity on Mechanical Behaviour of Well Cement: Application to Carbon Capture and Storage Wells

Cited by 3 publications

References 3 publications

The Combined Effect of Temperature and Salinity on the Mechanical Behaviour of Well Cement

The Combined Effect of Temperature and Salinity on the Mechanical Behaviour of Well Cement

Comparison of Salinity Dependent Mechanical Behaviours of Geopolymer and OPC: An Application to CCS and Oil / Gas Wells

Influence of different brine water salinity on mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymer cement

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