Effect of Roost Temperature on Performance of Chickens in Hot Ambient Environments

To establish a new synthetic Korean meat chicken breed, we tested 5×5 diallel cross mating experiment with domestic chicken breeds. Comparing stress responses among diallel crossed chicken breeds, we analyzed telomere length, DNA damage and expressions of heat shock protein genes (HSPs) as the markers of the stress response. The telomere length was measured by quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization on the nuclei of lymphocytes. The expression levels of HSP-70, HSP-90α and HSP-90β genes were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in lymphocytes. The DNA damage rate of lymphocytes was quantified by the comet assay known as the single cell gel electrophoresis. In results, there were significant differences in the values of the stress markers such as telomere length, HSPs and DNA damage rate, and also were significant differences in viabilities and body weights among the 5×5 diallel crossed chicken breeds. The telomere shortening rate, expression values of HSPs and DNA damage rate were significant low in W and Y crossed chickens compare to the others, but GG pure breed showed the highest values in the 25 crossed chickens. Estimating correlation coefficient, the survival rate positively correlated to telomere length, but negatively correlated to the expression levels of HSP-70, HSP-90α, HSP-90β genes and to the value of % DNA in tail as DNA damage rate. The expression levels of HSP-70, HSP-90α and HSP-90β genes of dead chickens had significantly higher than those of survival chickens. According to the results on the stress marker analysis, it would be considered that the crossed breeds had more stress resistant than the pure breeds, and the crossed chickens with a light strain such as W or Y were relatively resistant to stress, but the crossed chickens with a heavy strain such as G, H, F were susceptible to stress.

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Comparison of Stress Response in Diallel Crossed Korean Domestic Chicken Breeds

Cho¹,

Park²,

Choi³

et al. 2016

“…육계에서 급성 열 스트레스의 경우, 골격근에 산 화적 손상을 주어 대사에 영향을 미치며, 근육 내 산성화를 증가시켜 면역 균형을 변화시킨다 (Geraert et al, 1996;Lin et al, 2006;Mujahid et al, 2007;Wang et al, 2009;Imik et al, 2012). 닭에 있어 이러한 급만성 열 스트레스는 HSPs 유 전자의 발현 증가와 더불어 산란계 및 육계의 생산능력 저 하를 유발하고, 체내 면역력을 약화시켜 질병의 감염빈도를 증가시킨다 (Reece et al, 1972;Muiruri and Harrison, 1991;Njoya and Picard, 1994;Woelfel et al, 2002;Lin et al, 2004;Mashaly et al, 2004;Al-Fataftah and Abu-Dieyeh, 2007;Song et al 2012;Zulkifli et al, 2014 (Lee and Steinert, 1995;Ryu et al, 1997;Lew et al, 2004). Comet assay에 의한 comet score는 산화적 스트레스 시험이나 유전독성 시험에서 DNA 손상정도를 알 기 위해 널리 이용되는 지표로서, 닭의 스트레스 반응 정도 측정에도 이러한 표지가 유용하게 이용되고 있다 (Baos et al, 2006;Frankic et al, 2006;Sohn et al, 2012;Cho et al, 2016 (Bobek et al, 1980;Garriga et al, 2006;Star et al, 2008a;Quinterio-Filho et al, 2010;Kamboh et al, 2013).…”

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“…또한 고온 스트레스는 암컷에 있어서 시상하부 및 난소에서 정상적인 생식기능을 하게 하는 호르몬 생성을 방해하여 산 란능력의 저하를 초래하게 한다 (Muiruri and Harrison, 1991;Novero et al, 1991;Rozenboim et al, 2007;Elnagar et al, 2010;Felver-Gant et al, 2012 (Cho et al, 2016). 이와 같은 결과는 실용브로일러와 같은 육종 개 량된 고성장 개체가 토종닭이나 야계와 같은 경량종에 비해 서 HSP-70의 발현율이 높았다는 보고와도 유사한 결과이다 (Yahav et al, 1998;Sandercock et al, 2006;Cahaner et al, 2008;Soleimani et al, 2011;Tamzil et al, 2013).…”

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The Relationship of the Expressions of Stress-related Markers and Their Production Performances in Korean Domestic Chicken Breed

Park¹,

Cho²,

Choi³

et al. 2016

This study was conducted to verify the relationships between the expression values of stress-related markers and their production performances in 25 strains of Korean domestic chicken breeds. For stress response markers, the amount of telomeric DNA; expression levels of heat shock protein (HSP)-70, HSP-90α, and HSP-90β; and comet scores were analyzed. Production performances were measured by the survival rate, body weights, days at first egg laying, egg weight and hen housed egg production. The results showed that the production traits and values of stress-related markers showed significant differences between strains. In general, the stress response of pure bred chickens with heavy weights was relatively high, while that of hybrid chickens with light weights was relatively low. The correlation coefficients between telomere contents and body weights showed that there were weak negative relationships. However, the correlations of telomere content with the survival rate and egg production were weakly positive after 20 weeks old. The expression levels of HSP genes and DNA damage rate (comet scores) were positively correlated to body weight, but were negatively correlated to the survival rate and egg production. The results implied that increasing body weight was associated with increasing HSPs expression and the DNA damage rate was associated with decreasing telomere content. In addition, increasing HSPs expression and the DNA damage rate decreased the survival rate and egg production, but the relationships with the telomere content was the reverse. Correlations among the stress-related markers showed that there were significant correlation coefficients between all of the marker values. HSPs expression was negatively correlated to the telomere content, while it was positively correlated to the DNA damage rate. There was a highly negative correlation between the telomere content and DNA damage rate. In conclusion, increasing the HSP values and DNA damage rate can promote telomere reduction, which led to a decrease in disease resistance and robustness of the chicken. Thus, increasing the stress response was verified to adversely affect the laying performance and viability of chickens.

“…여름철 고온 환경은 양계 농장의 경제적 손실을 유발하는 중요한 요인으로 작용하고 있으며, 특히 산란계에서 산란율 (Muiruri and Harrison, 1991;Whitehead et al, 1998), 난중 (Balnave and Muheereza, 1997) 등의 생산성을 저하시킨다. 또한 고온 스트레스는 산란계 생산성뿐만 아니라 면역 기능 도 약화시킨다는 보고가 있다 (Mashaly et al, 2004).…”

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Effect of Feeding Red Ginseng Marc on Vital Reaction in Laying Hens under Stress Task

Hong¹,

Bong²,

Park³

et al. 2012

This study was conducted to determine the possible use of Red Ginseng marc as stress inhibiter in thermal stress (temperature humidity index 86) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -exposed laying hens by investigating their effects on laying performance, blood biochemical parameters, immunoglobulin concentration and serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) like ability. A total of forty-five 52-wk-old laying hens (ISA Brown) were divided into 3 treatment groups with 5 replicates of 3 birds in each group. NC (negative control, no immune substances), PC (positive control, β-glucan 25 ppm) and RGM (Red Ginseng Marc 3%) were added in feed with respective substance. Egg production in RGM was significantly increased in comparison with NC groups for 8 weeks (P<0.05). On blood biochemical parameters, effects of ambient temperature is definite by showing significant difference in aspartate aminotransferase and others (P<0.05), but RGM both before and after thermal stimulation have no significant difference in comparison with other groups. And for 3 weeks after thermal stimulation, laying performance was also not significantly different among treatments. Immunoglobulin M content and SOD like activities after challenge with LPS were higher in the RGM and PC than NC (P<0.05). In conclusion, although ineffective as inhibiter in thermal stress, dietary supplementation of Red Ginseng marc improved SOD like activity and immune system by regulating immunoglobulin content in laying hens. These findings have laid the foundation for future studies of immunomodulation in laying hens fed Red Ginseng Marc and of evaluation of heat stress inhibitor.(Key words : laying hen, heat stress, immune, red ginseng marc) † To whom correspondence should be addressed : john8604@korea.kr (Kwak et al., 2003;Bhattachary and Mirata, 1991). 홍삼 진액를 추출한 후에는 부산물이 발생하는 데 홍삼 부산물(홍삼박)의 경우, 사포닌과 함께상당한양의 다당체가 용출되지 않고 함유되어 있다 (Chang et al., 2007). 이러한 홍삼박의 산성 다당체 역시 항암 및 면