Effect of roasting on site and extent of digestion of soybean meal by sheep: II. Digestion of artifacts of heating

Hussein, H. S.; Demjanec, B.; Merchen, N. R.; Aldrich, Charles G

doi:10.2527/1995.733835x

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The decrease in NDF and ADF content can be attributed to the loss of different proportions of flaxseed hulls due to shattering during extruding, roasting or rolling (Ganesh and Grieve 1990). In agreement with these findings, it has been reported already earlier that heat processing such as roasting (Hussein et al 1995), extruding (Moshtaghi Nia and Ingalls 1992) and micronisation (Mustafa et al 2002) increased the amounts of NDICP and ADICP. Rolled flaxseed contained the lowest amounts of ADF and physical changes were evident.…”

Section: Chemical Composition Of the Feedsupporting

confidence: 84%

Effects of different processing methods of flaxseed on ruminal degradability andin vitropost-ruminal nutrient disappearance

Lashkari

Azizi

Jahani-Azizabadi

2015

Archives of Animal Nutrition

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The aim of the study was to determine the effects of different heat-processing methods of flaxseed on the in situ effective dry matter degradability (EDMD) and the in situ effective crude protein degradability (ECPD). The treatments included roasting, steep roasting, rolled roasting, rolled steep roasting, microwave irradiation and extrusion. Three rumen-fistulated sheep were used for in situ incubations. Furthermore, the effects of heat-processing methods on post-ruminal in vitro nutrient disappearance and total tract disappearance were measured by a three-step in vitro technique. The seeds were roasted and extruded at 140°C to 145°C. One lot of roasted seeds was gradually cooled for about 1 h (roasting) and another lot was held in temperature isolated barrels for 45 min (steep roasting). Moreover, roasted and steep roasted flaxseed was rolled in a roller mill. The lowest and highest EDMD was observed for unheated and extruded flaxseed, respectively (p < 0.05). The highest ECPD was observed for extruded flaxseed (p < 0.05). Roasting and microwave irradiation reduced ECPD of flaxseed (p < 0.05). In vitro post-ruminal disappearance of crude nutrients including fibre fractions was highest for rolled-roasted and rolled steep-roasted flaxseed (p < 0.05). The lowest and highest total tract disappearance rates of crude nutrients and fibre fractions were estimated for unheated and extruded flaxseed, respectively (p < 0.05). The post-ruminal disappearance of crude nutrients was also increased by roasting, in which rolling enhanced this effect. In conclusion, all investigated heat treatments had significant effects on in situ and in vitro degradability of nutrients. As well, rolling of roasted flaxseed enhanced the respective effects. Therefore, different methods of heat processing can be used to modify the feed value of flaxseed for specific purposes.

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Section: Chemical Composition Of the Feedsupporting

confidence: 84%

Effects of different processing methods of flaxseed on ruminal degradability andin vitropost-ruminal nutrient disappearance

Lashkari

Azizi

Jahani-Azizabadi

2015

Archives of Animal Nutrition

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“…The increased concentration of NDF in the autoclaved SBM compared with the non-autoclaved SBM that was observed in this experiment is in agreement with observations by Hussein et al (1995). Some of the products from the Maillard reactions form a 'lignin-like matrix', which is analysed as fractions of NDF (Hussein et al, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…Some of the products from the Maillard reactions form a 'lignin-like matrix', which is analysed as fractions of NDF (Hussein et al, 1995). Thus, it is likely that the observed increase in the analysed concentration of ADF in autoclaved DDGS compared with non-autoclaved DDGS was also a result of this artefact.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of balancing crystalline amino acids in diets containing heat-damaged soybean meal or distillers dried grains with solubles fed to weanling pigs

Almeida

Htoo

Thomson³

et al. 2014

Animal

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Two experiments were conducted to investigate if adjustments in diet formulations either based on total analysed amino acids or standardized ileal digestible (SID) amino acids may be used to eliminate negative effects of including heat-damaged soybean meal (SBM) or heat-damaged corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets fed to weanling pigs. In Experiment 1, four corn-SBM diets were formulated. Diet 1 contained non-autoclaved SBM (315 g/kg), and this diet was formulated on the basis of analysed amino acid concentrations and using SID values from the AminoDat ® 4.0 database. Diet 2 was similar to Diet 1 in terms of ingredient composition, except that the non-autoclaved SBM was replaced by autoclaved SBM at 1 : 1 (weight basis). Diet 3 was formulated using autoclaved SBM and amino acid inclusions in the diet were adjusted on the basis of analysed total amino acid concentrations in the autoclaved SBM and published SID values for non-autoclaved SBM (AminoDat ® 4.0). Diet 4 also contained autoclaved SBM, but the formulation of this diet was adjusted on the basis of analysed amino acids in the autoclaved SBM and SID values that were adjusted according to the degree of heat damage in this source of SBM. Pigs (160; initial BW: 10.4 kg) were allotted to the four treatments with eight replicate pens per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Diets were fed to pigs for 21 days. The gain to feed ratio (G : F) was greater ( P < 0.05) for pigs fed Diet 1 compared with pigs fed the other diets and pigs fed Diet 4 had greater ( P < 0.05) G : F than pigs fed Diet 2. In Experiment 2, 144 pigs (initial BW: 9.9 kg) were allotted to four diets with eight replicate pens per diet. The four diets contained corn, SBM (85 g/kg) and DDGS (220 g/kg), and were formulated using the concepts described for Experiment 1, except that heat-damaged DDGS, but not heat-damaged SBM, was used in the diets. Pigs fed Diet 1 had greater ( P < 0.05) G : F than pigs fed Diet 2, but no differences were observed for G : F among pigs fed diets containing autoclaved DDGS. Results demonstrate that the negative effects of heat damage of SBM or DDGS may be ameliorated if the reduced concentration and digestibility of amino acids in heat-damaged SBM or DDGS is taken into account in diet formulation. Further research is needed to improve the prediction of the ileal digestibility of amino acids in heat-processed ingredients used in practical diet formulations.

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“…However, additional ADICP produced by heating was partially digested in steamed treated alfalfa (Broderick et al, 1993), distillers grains (Van Soest, 1989;Nakamura et al, 1994), and plant proteins (Na- 3.6 ± 0.59 1.4 ± 0.25 3.3 ± 0.63 6.0 ± 1.26 3.6 ± 0.68 1.3 ± 0.46 3.8 ± 0.75 3.5 ± 0.78 4.3 ± 0.92 HMCG 2,4 3.9 ± 0.74 2.5 ± 0.22 3.4 ± 0.25 11.6 ± 0.93 2.6 ± 0.41 2.1 ± 0.28 4.6 ± 0.33 3.7 ± 0.30 4.9 ± 0.38 Soybean meal 2 7.3 ± 0.36 2.8 ± 0.17 4.6 ± 0.22 7.8 ± 0.24 6.3 ± 0.27 1.4 ± 0.09 5.3 ± 0.21 4.0 ± 0.14 4.6 ± 0.26 1 Givens and Rulquin (2004); NRC (2001); and Ross (2004). Hussein et al, 1995;Schroeder et al, 1995).…”

Section: Sensitivity Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The intestinal digestibility coefficients (ID) for the C fraction of protein supplements (triangular distributions) are based on Hussein et al (1995), Nakamura et al (1994), Schroeder et al (1995), and Van Soest (1989).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Protein Fractionation Systems Used in Formulating Rations for Dairy Cattle

Lanzas

Tedeschi

Seo

et al. 2007

Journal of Dairy Science

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Production efficiency decreases when diets are not properly balanced for protein. Sensitivity analyses of the protein fractionation schemes used by the National Research Council Nutrient Requirement of Dairy Cattle (NRC) and the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) were conducted to assess the influence of the uncertainty in feed inputs and the assumptions underlying the CNCPS scheme on metabolizable protein and amino acid predictions. Monte Carlo techniques were used. Two lactating dairy cow diets with low and high protein content were developed for the analysis. A feed database provided by a commercial laboratory and published sources were used to obtain the distributions and correlations of the input variables. Spreadsheet versions of the models were used. Both models behaved similarly when variation in protein fractionation was taken into account. The maximal impact of variation on metabolizable protein from rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) was 2.5 (CNCPS) and 3.0 (NRC) kg/d of allowable milk for the low protein diet, and 3.5 (CNCPS) and 3.9 (NRC) kg/d of allowable milk for the high protein diet. The RUP flows were sensitive to ruminal degradation rates of the B protein fraction in NRC and of the B2 protein fraction in the CNCPS for protein supplements, energy concentrates, and forages. Absorbed Met and Lys flows were also sensitive to intestinal digestibility of RUP, and the CNCPS model was sensitive to acid detergent insoluble crude protein and its assumption of complete unavailability. Neither the intestinal digestibility of the RUP nor the protein degradation rates are routinely measured. Approaches need to be developed to account for their variability. Research is needed to provide better methods for measuring pool sizes and ruminal digestion rates for protein fractionation systems.

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Effect of roasting on site and extent of digestion of soybean meal by sheep: II. Digestion of artifacts of heating

Cited by 13 publications

References 21 publications

Effects of different processing methods of flaxseed on ruminal degradability andin vitropost-ruminal nutrient disappearance

Effects of different processing methods of flaxseed on ruminal degradability andin vitropost-ruminal nutrient disappearance

Effects of balancing crystalline amino acids in diets containing heat-damaged soybean meal or distillers dried grains with solubles fed to weanling pigs

Evaluation of Protein Fractionation Systems Used in Formulating Rations for Dairy Cattle

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