Effect of Retinal Image Stabilization on the Appearance of Heterochromatic Targets*

Krauskopf, John

doi:10.1364/josa.53.000741

Cited by 242 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The relevance of stabilized images to the claim that edge detection is the mechanism of finding UC regions is the demonstration that experiences of regional shape and color arise from edge information. Among the most striking demonstrations is one by Krauskopf (1963). He presented observers with a central red circle surrounded by a green annulus.…”

Section: Relation To Edge Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rethinking perceptual organization: The role of uniform connectedness

Palmer

Rock

1994

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

580

457

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A principle of perceptual organization, called uniform connectedness (DC), is described, and a theoretical approach to perceptual organization is proposed in which this principle plays a fundamental role. The principle of DC states that closed regions of homogeneous properties-such as lightness, chromatic color, texture, and so forth-tend to be perceived initially as single units. We demonstrate its effects and show that they occur even when opposed by powerful grouping principles such as proximity and similarity. We argue that DC cannot be reduced to such grouping principles, because it is not a form of grouping at all. We then propose a theoretical framework within which DC accounts for the initial (or entry level) organization of the visual field into primitive units. Classical principles of grouping operate after DC, creating superordinate units consisting of two or more basic-level units. Parsing processes also operate after DC, dividing basic-level units into subordinate parts. DC in the retinal image is proposed to be a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for unit formation, since connected elements on the retina that are perceived to lie in separate depth planes fail to be perceived as units. This fact, together with other evidence that the Gestalt principles of grouping are based on perceived (rather than retinal) relations, suggests that the organization of visual stimulation into DC objects is ultimately achieved within a relatively late, postconstancy representation of environmental surfaces. The implications ofthis possibility are discussed in light of present theories of visual perception.In 1923, Max Wertheimer raised the fundamental question of perceptual organization: Why is it that people perceive an organized visual world consisting of discrete objects coherently arranged in space? Without some process of organization, he argued, perception should consist of a chaotic juxtaposition of different elementary sensations based on the intensities and colors registered by individual retinal receptors. Wertheimer recognized that perception cannot be explained by the mere presence of an image containing two-dimensional (2-D) regions that correspond to external objects. Rather, processesof organization within the visual nervous system must be hypothesized as appropriately unifying receptor stimulation that arises from a single object and as separating that which arises from two or more different objects.Wertheimer's major contribution to the solution of this problem was his proposal that perception organizes stimulation by grouping elements together according to certain properties present in the retinal image. He initially inves-

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Section: Relation To Edge Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rethinking perceptual organization: The role of uniform connectedness

Palmer

Rock

1994

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

580

457

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The recent thesis of Todorovic (1983) provides a nice set of examples that one can construct with modest computer graphics equipment. Vivid classical examples of featural filling-in were discovered by artificially stabilizing certain image contours of a scene (Krauskopf, 1963;Yarbus, 1967). Consider, for example, the image schematized in Figure 2.…”

Section: Featural Filling-in Over Stabilized Scenic Edgesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural dynamics of perceptual grouping: Textures, boundaries, and emergent segmentations

Grossberg

Mingolla

1985

Perception & Psychophysics

757

172

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A real-time visual processing theory is used to analyze and explain a wide variety of perceptual grouping and segmentation phenomena, including the grouping of textured images, randomly defined images, and images built up from periodic scenic elements. The theory explains how "local" feature processing and "emergent" features work together to segment a scene, how segmentations may arise across image regions that do not contain any luminance differences, how segmentations may override local image properties in favor of global statistical factors, and why segmentations that powerfully influence object recognition may be barely visible or totally invisible. Network interactions within a Boundary Contour (BC) System, a Feature Contour (FC) System, and an Object Recognition (OR) System are used to explain these phenomena. The BC System is defined by a hierarchy of orientationally tuned interactions, which can be divided into two successive subsystems called the OC filter and the CC loop. The OC filter contains two successive stages of oriented receptive fields which are sensitive to different properties of image contrasts. The OC filter generates inputs to the CC loop, which contains successive stages of spatially short-range competitive interactions and spatially long-range cooperative interactions. Feedback between the competitive and cooperative stages synthesizes a global context-sensitive segmentation from among the many possible groupings of local featural elements. The properties of the BC System provide a unified explanation of several ostensibly different Gestalt rules. The BC System also suggests explanations and predictions concerning the architecture of the striate and prestriate visual cortices. The BC System embodies new ideas concerning the foundations of geometry, on-line statistical decision theory, and the resolution of uncertainty in quantum measurement systems. Computer simulations establish the formal competence of the BC System as a perceptual grouping system. The properties of the BC System are compared with probabilistic and artificial intelligence models of segmentation. The total network suggests a new approach to the design of computer vision systems, and promises to provide a universal set of rules for perceptual grouping of scenic edges, textures, and smoothly shaded regions.

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“…3 Stabilized retinal image experiments (Arend, 1973;Gerrits, de Haan, & Vendrik, 1966;Krauskopf, 1963) show that filling-in between edges is a large effect, playing a large role in normal perception, where temporal changes of retinal illuminance and chrominance are often confined to the immediate vicinity of edges (Walls, 1954).…”

Section: Spatial Differentiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When the subject's fixation is such that eye movements never carry an edge in the unstabilized pattern under the occluder (~igure 7b~, the thresholded gradient distribution (D, LIGHTNESS AND CURL 71 straightforward. When the temporal transients from the initial onset of the light have dropped below threshold the oc~luded region perceptually fIlls in according to inf ormation from the surrounding unstabilized contour (Gerrits et al, 1966;Krauskopf, 1963;Yarbus, 1967).…”

Section: Curlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lightness models, gradient illusions, and curl

Arend

Goldstein

1987

Perception & Psychophysics

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. Gradient illusions require that models of suprathreshold appearance include a spatial integration that fills areas betwe~n edg~s. W~describe a structural problem inherent in such models; f~r many sc~n~s there are inconsistencies (nonzero curl) in thresholded derivatives that prevent simple spatial integration. Our experiments show that the human visual system does encounter c~l problems~nd that it uses two different types of perceptual solution: field segmentation and Ig.htness~gradientmanipulation. Th?~atter occurs under conditions where field segmentation IS Impo~sIble. At leas~two such conditions can occur: failure to form a segmenting contour and topological problems In potential segmenting contours.

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Effect of Retinal Image Stabilization on the Appearance of Heterochromatic Targets*

Cited by 242 publications

References 5 publications

Rethinking perceptual organization: The role of uniform connectedness

Rethinking perceptual organization: The role of uniform connectedness

Neural dynamics of perceptual grouping: Textures, boundaries, and emergent segmentations

Lightness models, gradient illusions, and curl

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