Effect of Restraint and Footshock Stress and Norepinephrine Treatment on Gastric Emptying in Rats.

Tsukada, Fumitake; Nagura, Yoko; Abe, Shinya; Sato, Naoko; Ohkubo, Yasuhito

doi:10.1248/bpb.26.368

Cited by 32 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Various stressors are known to affect gastrointestinal transit in experimental animals, and the affected site and the effect (increase / decrease) differ according to the kind of stress (25,26). Upper gastrointestinal transit was strongly inhibited by restraint stress, as shown in this study in gerbils and in rats (2), but was not affected by force swimming in hot water in rats (27).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 47%

Novelty Stress Increases Fecal Pellet Output in Mongolian Gerbils: Effects of Several Drugs

Okano¹,

Nagaya²,

Inatomi³

2005

J Pharmacol Sci

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Abstract. Stress-induced colonic functional changes have been investigated mainly under conditions involving physical stress, like in the restraint stress model. In this study, we established a new stress-induced defecation model involving the placement of Mongolian gerbils in a novel environment (novelty stress) and determined the effects of several drugs on novelty stress-induced fecal pellet output. When animals kept in groups were placed individually in small cages, the fecal pellet output markedly increased, although the upper intestinal transit measured by charcoal method was not changed. The concentration of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone was moderately but significantly increased by the novelty stress. Drugs reportedly effective for stress-induced defecation, like alosetron hydrochloride, atropine sulfate, and trimebutine maleate, inhibited both the novelty stress-induced increase in fecal pellet output and spontaneous defecation. In contrast, TAK-637, a tachykinin NK 1 -receptor antagonist, and diazepam inhibited the novelty stress induced defecation but did not inhibit spontaneous defecation. The present study indicated that novelty stress increases fecal pellet output without affecting the upper intestinal transit; this model may be useful for evaluating the effects of drugs on stress-stimulated colonic motility.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 47%

Novelty Stress Increases Fecal Pellet Output in Mongolian Gerbils: Effects of Several Drugs

Okano¹,

Nagaya²,

Inatomi³

2005

J Pharmacol Sci

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“…In general, gastric emptying is delayed and colonic transit is accelerated by various stressors [5,11,[49][50][51][52][53][54]. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), which is produced in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), is the principal neuropeptide in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroacupuncture Elicits Dual Effects: Stimulation of Delayed Gastric Emptying and Inhibition of Accelerated Colonic Transit Induced by Restraint Stress in Rats

et al. 2006

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Acupuncture has been used for treating functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Animal studies have demonstrated that acupuncture antagonized various stress-induced responses. We investigated the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) at ST-36 (Zusanli; lower limb) on stress-induced alteration of GI motor activities. Solid gastric emptying was significantly delayed by restraint stress (29.6+/-2.4%; n=7) compared to that of controls (60.0+/-2.5%; n=8). Delayed gastric emptying was significantly improved by EA at ST-36 (47.2+/-1.8%). Intracisternal (IC) injection of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF; 1 microg) delayed gastric emptying to 25.4+/-3.1%, which was also improved by EA at ST-36, to 53.0+/-7.1% (n=8). The stimulatory effect of EA on stress-induced delayed gastric emptying was abolished by atropine (17.6+/-1.9%) but not by guanethidine (42.2+/-2.3%). Colonic transit was significantly accelerated by restraint stress (GC=7.2+/-0.3; n=8) compared to that of controls (GC=5.2+/-0.2; n=8). Accelerated colonic transit was significantly reduced by EA at ST-36 (GC=4.9+/-0.3). IC injection of CRF accelerated colonic transit (GC=6.9+/-0.2), which was also normalized by EA at ST-36 (GC=4.7+/-0.2). The inhibitory effect of EA on stress-induced acceleration of colonic transit was not affected by guanethidine (GC=4.6+/-0.3). In conclusion, EA at ST-36 showed dual effects: stimulation of stress-induced delayed gastric emptying and inhibition of stress-induced acceleration of colonic transit. The stimulatory effect of EA on stress-induced delayed gastric emptying is mediated via cholinergic pathways. The inhibitory effect of EA on stress-induced acceleration of colonic transit is independent of the sympathetic pathway.

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“…In the present study, oral administration of DVS increased plasma NE, which might be the cause of delayed gastric emptying. NE was reported to inhibit gastric emptying (39). The inhibitory effect of NE on gastric emptying was cancelled by ␤ 1 -, ␤ 2 -, and ␤ 3 -adrenoceptor antagonists (39).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NE was reported to inhibit gastric emptying (39). The inhibitory effect of NE on gastric emptying was cancelled by ␤ 1 -, ␤ 2 -, and ␤ 3 -adrenoceptor antagonists (39). The activation of ␤-adrenoceptors located in the smooth muscle cells induces cAMP formation, resulting in muscular relaxation of the stomach (32).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Desvenlafaxine succinate ameliorates visceral hypersensitivity but delays solid gastric emptying in rats

Dai

Lei

et al. 2013

American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physi

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Desvenlafaxine succinate (DVS) is a novel serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of DVS on visceral hypersensitivity and solid gastric emptying in a rodent model of gastric hyperalgesia. Twenty-eight gastric hyperalgesia rats and 20 control rats were used. Visceral sensitivity during gastric distention (GD) was assessed by recording of electromyogram (EMG) at pressures of 20, 40, 60, and 80 mmHg. DVS with doses of 1, 10, and 30 mg/kg were administrated by gavage, 5-HT1A antagonist (WAY-100635, 0.3 mg/kg) was given subcutaneously, and 5-HT2A antagonist (ketanserin, 1 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally. The level of norepinephrine in plasma was measured by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. We found that 1) visceral hypersensitivity induced by acetic acid was validated. 2) DVS dose-dependently reduced visceral hypersensitivity in the gastric hypersensitivity rats. The EMG (% of baseline value without GD) during GD at 60 and 80 mmHg with DVS at a dose of 30 mg/kg were 119.4 Ϯ 2.3% (vs. saline 150.9 Ϯ 2.7%, P Ͻ 0.001) and 128.2 Ϯ 3.2% (vs. saline 171.1 Ϯ 2.4%, P Ͻ 0.001). Similar findings were observed at a dose of 10 mg/kg. DVS at a dose of 1 mg/kg reduced visceral hypersensitivity only during GD at 60 mmHg. 3) Neither WAY-100635 nor ketanserin blocked the effect of DVS on visceral sensitivity. 4) DVS at 30 mg/kg significantly increased plasma NE level (P ϭ 0.012 vs. saline). 5) DVS at 30 mg/kg significantly delayed solid gastric emptying (P Ͻ 0.05 vs. saline). We conclude that DVS reduces visceral sensitivity in a rodent model of visceral hypersensitivity and delays solid gastric emptying. Caution should be made when DVS is used for treating patients.antidepressant; visceral hypersensitivity; gastric emptying; desvenlafaxine succinate FUNCTIONAL DYSPEPSIA (FD) is a common clinical gastrointestinal disease with a high prevalence throughout the world (23, 27), defined as pain or discomfort located in the upper abdomen without evidence of organic structural abnormalities that can explain the symptoms (36). FD is considered to be a biopsychosocial disorder with visceral hypersensitivity, impaired gastroduodenal motility, and central nervous system disturbance (34, 35). Psychosocial factors can affect visceral sensation and gut motility (34,35). Antidepressants are widely prescribed in patients with FD in clinic (12,33,38). These drugs may modulate several aspects in FD such as improving psychiatric and psychological conditions, influencing central regulation of visceral pain stimuli, and modifying gut sensorimotor function (2-4). In previous studies, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) were used to treat FD (21, 37, 43).Desvenlafaxine succinate (DVS) is the third serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of major depressive disorders in 2008 (19). It increases the level of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) by blocking the presynaptic reup...

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Effect of Restraint and Footshock Stress and Norepinephrine Treatment on Gastric Emptying in Rats.

Cited by 32 publications

References 13 publications

Novelty Stress Increases Fecal Pellet Output in Mongolian Gerbils: Effects of Several Drugs

Novelty Stress Increases Fecal Pellet Output in Mongolian Gerbils: Effects of Several Drugs

Electroacupuncture Elicits Dual Effects: Stimulation of Delayed Gastric Emptying and Inhibition of Accelerated Colonic Transit Induced by Restraint Stress in Rats

Desvenlafaxine succinate ameliorates visceral hypersensitivity but delays solid gastric emptying in rats

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