Effect of residual chlorine on iron particle formation considering drinking water conditions

Qin, Xinyi; Zhuang, Yuan; Shi, Baoyou; Li, Yongtong; Shi, Yan

doi:10.1016/j.jece.2021.106377

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Significant Cl dependencies with Fe and Ca might cause the formation of the following compounds FeCl 3 and CaCl 2 . The residual chlorine impact on the formation of iron ions and reveal linear relationship between concentrations of iron and the residual chlorine [ 29 ]. The strong relationship of Cl with Fe explains the surface corrosion that occurs after disinfection with chlorine.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Residual Chlorine Interaction with Different Microelements in Stormwater Sediments

2023

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One consequence of intensive outdoor disinfection using chlorinated compounds is environmental pollution. It has been found that disinfectants are the most effective tool to avoid the spread of infections and viruses. Studies have shown that the use of chlorine-based disinfectants (sodium hypochlorite) leaves residual chlorine and other disinfection byproducts in the environment. They also have harmful effects on, inter alia, water quality, ecosystems, as well as exacerbating the corrosion of surfaces. To meet regulatory standards, monitoring of the presence of residual chlorine in the environment is vitally important. The aim of this study is to analyse the occurrence of residual chlorine in stormwater after outdoor disinfection using sodium hypochlorite and to investigate its interaction with different microelements as well their possible impacts. Stormwater samples collected at permanently disinfected locations were analysed via X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The concentrations of Cl and the following elements Na, Si, K, Ca, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn were detected and their relationship with chlorine was determined using the Python programming language. The research presents Cl concentration values (%) that vary from 0.02 to 0.04. The results of the modelling revealed strong correlations between Cl and Fe (value 0.65) and Ca (value −0.61) and the occurrence of CaCl2 and FeCl3. The strong relationship between Cl and Fe explains the significant increase in surface corrosion after disinfection with chlorine-based substances.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Residual Chlorine Interaction with Different Microelements in Stormwater Sediments

2023

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“…6 Moreover, iron materials are widely employed in WDS pipes, 7,8 causing corrosion via complicated physical, chemical, and biological processes. 9 The resultant iron corrosion scales with >80% iron minerals provide an enriching environment for organic and inorganic compounds in potable water through adsorption or coprecipitation. 10−13 Goethite is the most prevalent component of iron corrosion scales, accounting for >50% of corrosion-formed iron minerals.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Water distribution systems (WDSs), as the most fundamental infrastructures to deliver safe drinking water, − commonly maintain sufficient residual chlorine to suppress the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and safeguard public health . Moreover, iron materials are widely employed in WDS pipes, , causing corrosion via complicated physical, chemical, and biological processes . The resultant iron corrosion scales with >80% iron minerals provide an enriching environment for organic and inorganic compounds in potable water through adsorption or coprecipitation. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unveiling the Mechanism and Kinetics of Pollutant Attenuation by Free Radicals Triggered from Goethite in Water Distribution Systems

Dong,

Zhu,

Lou

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Investigating the fate of persistent organic pollutants in water distribution systems (WDSs) is of great significance for preventing human health risks. The role of iron corrosion scales in the migration and transformation of organics in such systems remains unclear. Herein, we determined that hydroxyl ( • OH), chlorine, and chlorine oxide radicals are generated by Fenton-like reactions due to the coexistence of oxygen vacancy-related Fe(II) on goethite (a major constituent of iron corrosion scales) and hypochlorous acid (HClO, the main reactive chlorine species of residual chlorine at pH ∼ 7.0). • OH contributed mostly to the decomposition of atrazine (ATZ, model compound) more than other radicals, producing a series of relatively low-toxicity small molecular intermediates. A simplified kinetic model consisting of mass transfer of ATZ and HClO, • OH generation, and ATZ oxidation by • OH on the goethite surface was developed to simulate iron corrosion scale-triggered residual chlorine oxidation of organic compounds in a WDS. The model was validated by comparing the fitting results to the experimental data. Moreover, the model was comprehensively applicable to cases in which various inorganic ions (Ca 2+ , Na + , HCO 3 − , and SO 4 2−) and natural organic matter were present. With further optimization, the model may be employed to predict the migration and accumulation of persistent organic pollutants under real environmental conditions in the WDSs.

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“…Whether in the lane separation buoys, swimming aid buoys, water drainage structures at the pool edges, piping, or anti-slip structures at the pool access point, all these structures are usually made of polymeric materials, being constantly exposed to Polymers 2023, 15, 3931 2 of 24 chlorine contact and, consequently, to its degradation [7]. Thus, it becomes particularly relevant to study the type of degradation that these materials suffer under the effect of this agent, as performed regarding other materials in contact [8]. Similar studies have been carried out on wood [9] and steel [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studying the Degradation of Three Polymers under Different Chlorine Concentrations and Exposure Times

Barbosa,

Costa,

Silva

et al. 2023

Polymers

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Due to chlorine’s ability to kill bacteria and fungi through a chemical reaction, chlorine solutions are commonly used to clean and disinfect numerous public facilities, although these actions are also dependent to the equipment present in those facilities. Accordingly, the interest in studying its effect when in contact with different materials is obvious. This study was carried out through accelerated degradation tests and various analysis methods (optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, and tensile tests). The objective was to observe the wear presented by three polymeric materials, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and polypropylene (PP), when exposed to chlorine’s action in swimming pools and drinking water treatment plants. The resulting effect depends on the chlorine content and the type of contact between the chemical agent and the material. The aim was to select the material less likely to be affected by chlorine through tests and analyses, allowing a longer component life. The use of certain more resistant polymeric materials can drastically reduce maintenance, reducing fundamental factors such as costs, the downtime of municipal facilities, and also the risk to public health. It was concluded that PVC has the most stable behaviour overall when in contact with chlorine solutions.

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Effect of residual chlorine on iron particle formation considering drinking water conditions

Cited by 9 publications

References 33 publications

Assessment of Residual Chlorine Interaction with Different Microelements in Stormwater Sediments

Assessment of Residual Chlorine Interaction with Different Microelements in Stormwater Sediments

Unveiling the Mechanism and Kinetics of Pollutant Attenuation by Free Radicals Triggered from Goethite in Water Distribution Systems

Studying the Degradation of Three Polymers under Different Chlorine Concentrations and Exposure Times

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