Effect of Regulatory Network of Exosomes and microRNAs on Neurodegenerative Diseases

Abstract

Objective:A comprehensive review of the network regulation of exosomes and microRNAs (miRNAs) in neurodegenerative diseases was done, centering on the mechanism of the formation of exosomes and miRNAs and the sorting mechanism of exosomal miRNAs, with the aim to provide a theoretical basis in the search of biomarkers and the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.Data Sources:The comprehensive search used online literature databases including NCBI PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Baidu Scholar.Study Selection:The study selection was based on the following keywords: exosomes, miRNAs, central nervous system (CNS), and neurodegenerative diseases. The time limit for literature retrieval was from the year 2000 to 2018, with language restriction in English. Relevant articles were carefully reviewed, with no exclusions applied to study design and publication type.Results:Exosomes are the smallest nanoscale membranous microvesicles secreted by cells and contain important miRNAs, among other rich contents. In the CNS, exosomes can transport amyloid β-protein, α-synuclein, Huntington-associated protein 1, and superoxide dismutase I to other cells. These events relieve the abnormal accumulation of proteins and aggravating neurological diseases. In some neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, miRNAs are pathologically altered as an inexorable course, suggesting that miRNAs may contribute neurodegeneration. Exosomes and miRNAs form a network to regulate the homeostasis of the CNS, both synergistically and individually.Conclusion:The network of exosomes and miRNAs that regulates CNS homeostasis is a promising biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Retracted Article: LncRNA MALAT1 aggravates MPP-induced neuronal injury by regulating miR-212 in SH-SY5Y cells

“…Earlier research has indicated miRNAs as promising biomarkers for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, including PD, through addressing central nervous system homeostasis. 13 miR-212, as a novel miRNA, has been suggested to be necessary for the development and function of neurons. 14 Moreover, miR-212 is reported to be expressed in cerebrospinal uid in PD patients.…”

NK cell-derived exosomes carry miR-207 and alleviate depression-like symptoms in mice

“…Exosomal miRNAs can transport epigenetic information, affecting gene expression in a recipient cell [41]. Many studies have demonstrated that exosomal miRNAs can play important roles in treatment or detected markers of many diseases, including cancer progression and metastasis [42,43], neurodegenerative diseases [44][45][46], and inflammation [47], and they also participate in the pathological of depression [48,49]. Furthermore, mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal miR26a can improve symptoms of depression in rats [50].…”

Potential Roles of Exosomes in Parkinson’s Disease: From Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment to Prognosis

“…MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are notoriously involved in PD pathogenesis, and can be packaged in exosomes. Exosomes and miRNAs form a network that, both individually and synergistically, participates in the pathogenesis of PD among several other diseases (Mirzaei et al, 2017;Li et al, 2018;Saeedi Borujeni et al, 2018;Pourhanifeh et al, 2019).…”