Effect of reduction temperature and sodium-based additives on nickel upgrading process of laterites ores

Shofi, A.; Rahmahwati, A.; Nurjaman, Fajar; Suharno, Bambang

doi:10.1088/1757-899x/541/1/012002

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Adding 10 wt% of sodium sulfate and 5 wt% of palm shell charcoal at a reduction temperature of 1150 • C and a reduction time of 60 min yielded the highest nickel recovery of 73.2% and a nickel grade of 4.6 wt% in the concentrate. Furthermore, the grain size of the produced ferronickel particles was nearly three times higher (~30 µm) compared to the other additives [61].…”

Section: Pre-reduction Of Nickel Resources Using Bio-based Carbonmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Shofi et al [61] investigated a solid-state reduction process using sodium chloride, sodium sulfate and sodium carbonate as additives to produce a metallic concentrate from nickel laterites in a muffle furnace and to recover nickel by wet magnetic separation. Palm shell charcoal was the only reducing agent in this work, which does not allow a comparison with other reducing agents.…”

Section: Pre-reduction Of Nickel Resources Using Bio-based Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Replacing Fossil Carbon in the Production of Ferroalloys with a Focus on Bio-Based Carbon: A Review

Sommerfeld

Friedrich

2021

Minerals

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The production of ferroalloys and alloys like ferronickel, ferrochromium, ferromanganese, silicomanganese, ferrosilicon and silicon is commonly carried out in submerged arc furnaces. Submerged arc furnaces are also used to upgrade ilmenite by producing pig iron and a titania-rich slag. Metal containing resources are smelted in this furnace type using fossil carbon as a reducing agent, which is responsible for a large amount of direct CO2 emissions in those processes. Instead, renewable bio-based carbon could be a viable direct replacement of fossil carbon currently investigated by research institutions and companies to lower the CO2 footprint of produced alloys. A second option could be the usage of hydrogen. However, hydrogen has the disadvantages that current production facilities relying on solid reducing agents need to be adjusted. Furthermore, hydrogen reduction of ignoble metals like chromium, manganese and silicon is only possible at very low H2O/H2 partial pressure ratios. The present article is a comprehensive review of the research carried out regarding the utilization of bio-based carbon for the processing of the mentioned products. Starting with the potential impact of the ferroalloy industry on greenhouse gas emissions, followed by a general description of bio-based reducing agents and unit operations covered by this review, each following chapter presents current research carried out to produce each metal. Most studies focused on pre-reduction or solid-state reduction except the silicon industry, which instead had a strong focus on smelting up to an industrial-scale and the design of bio-based carbon for submerged arc furnace processes. Those results might be transferable to other submerged arc furnace processes as well and could help to accelerate research to produce other metals. Deviations between the amount of research and scale of tests for the same unit operation but different metal resources were identified and closer cooperation could be helpful to transfer knowledge from one area to another. Life cycle assessment to produce ferronickel and silicon already revealed the potential of bio-based reducing agents in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, but was not carried out for other metals until now.

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Section: Pre-reduction Of Nickel Resources Using Bio-based Carbonmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Pre-reduction Of Nickel Resources Using Bio-based Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Replacing Fossil Carbon in the Production of Ferroalloys with a Focus on Bio-Based Carbon: A Review

Sommerfeld

Friedrich

2021

Minerals

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“…Hal tersebut dikarenakan penambahan aditif sulfat mampu meningkatkan ukuran butir ferronikel (warna putih) sehingga akan meningkatkan derajat liberasi ferronikel dari pengotor, sebagaimana ditunjukkan dalam Gambar 2 (Hang et al, 2020). Menurut Shofi et al (2019) penggunaan aditif sulfat memberikan hasil yang lebih baik dibandingkan aditif karbonat dan khlorida pada jumlah penambahan yang sama. Dari penelitian sebelumnya diperoleh bahwa aditif sodium sulfat memberikan kadar dan perolehan nikel yang jauh lebih baik dibandingkan dengan sodium karbonat .…”

Section: State Of the Art (Kondisi Penelitian Terkini) Pengaruh Aditif Sulfur/sulfat Dalam Proses Reduksi Selektifunclassified

Kajian Literatur Parameter Proses Reduksi Selektif Bijih Nikel Laterit

Nurjaman

Bahfie²,

Herlina³

et al. 2020

met. indonesia

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Proses reduksi selektif bijih nikel laterit merupakan salah satu metode pirometalurgi yang dilakukan dengan mereduksi senyawa besi dan nikel oksida dalam bijih nikel laterit pada temperatur 1100-1200°C menjadi logam ferronikel dengan membatasi metalisasi besi melalui penambahan aditif dan penggunaan jumlah reduktan yang terbatas. Kandungan dan perolehan nikel dalam konsentrat semakin meningkat dengan semakin banyaknya aditif yang ditambahkan. Namun penambahan aditif dalam jumlah banyak akan meningkatkan biaya produksi proses reduksi selektif tersebut. Penggunaan reduktan batubara dengan kandungan sulfur tinggi memungkinkan untuk mensubstitusi penggunaan aditif. Proses reduksi selektif tidak hanya melibatkan reaksi solid-state melainkan juga melibatkan reaksi solid-liquid state. Oleh karena itu biaya produksi proses reduksi selektif juga dapat diminimalkan melalui penggunaan basisitas yang optimal sehingga diperoleh kondisi proses dengan titik lebur fasa metalik dan non-metalik yang rendah. Dengan konsumsi energi/temperatur reduksi yang lebih rendah, diharapkan teknologi reduksi selektif bijih nikel laterit mampu menggantikan teknologi pirometalurgi konvensional (blast furnace dan rotary kiln electric arc furnace). Teknologi ini juga diharapkan mampu menjadi solusi permasalahan terkait pengolahan bijih nikel laterit kadar rendah (<1,7% Ni) yang ketersediaannya sangat berlimpah di dunia, dimana nilai keekonomisan yang diperoleh akan sangat rendah jika menggunakan teknologi pirometalurgi konvensional.

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“…Some researchers have studied the effect of accelerators on the reduction and polymerization of nickel and iron in the reduction of the roasting process of laterite nickel ore. Mainly sulfur-containing additives and sodium salt additives [11,12] have obvious effects on ferronickel recovery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Migration and Aggregation Behavior of Nickel and Iron in Low Grade Laterite Ore with New Additives

Wang

Nie

et al. 2021

Metals

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This study focused on the preparation of high-grade ferronickel concentrate, the behavior of efficient migration and the polymerization of ferronickel particles during reduction roasting, by adding calcium fluoride and a ferronickel concentrate to low-grade laterite ore from Yunnan. The effects of temperature, holding time, reductant content, ferronickel concentrate content and magnetic field intensity on the preparation of the ferronickel concentrate were studied and the optimum conditions were determined as follows: 30% ferronickel concentrate (metal Ni-4.68%, metal Fe-45.0%), 8% coal, 7% calcium fluoride, reduction temperature of 1250 °C, reduction time of 60 min and the intensity of magnetic separation is 150 mT. The proportion of nickel and iron in ferronickel concentrate was 88.7% (metal Ni-8.62%, metal Fe-80.1%), and the recovery efficiency of nickel and iron are 98.8% and 82.4%, respectively. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy indicated that ferronickel-concentrate, as an activating agent, improved the aggregation effect of ferronickel particles. The efficient migration and polymerization of ferronickel particles in the ore significantly increased the size of the ferronickel particles with additives, therefore a high-grade ferronickel concentrate was prepared, and the reduction and recovery efficiency of laterite nickel ore was improved.

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Effect of reduction temperature and sodium-based additives on nickel upgrading process of laterites ores

Cited by 12 publications

References 9 publications

Replacing Fossil Carbon in the Production of Ferroalloys with a Focus on Bio-Based Carbon: A Review

Replacing Fossil Carbon in the Production of Ferroalloys with a Focus on Bio-Based Carbon: A Review

Kajian Literatur Parameter Proses Reduksi Selektif Bijih Nikel Laterit

Migration and Aggregation Behavior of Nickel and Iron in Low Grade Laterite Ore with New Additives

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