Effect of reducing sample volume on the detection of drugs in urine by transmission mode direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry

Abstract

Rationale Matrix interference attributed to urea and other nitrogenous substances in unprocessed urine is significant. In this study desorption ionization of sub‐microliter volume samples is performed in an effort to improve the detection of drugs in unprocessed urine using transmission mode‐direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (TM‐DART‐MS). Methods Urine samples were spiked with analytical standards of two drugs of abuse, codeine and methadone. Various sub‐microliter volumes of unprocessed urine were deposited onto wire mesh screen consumables and analyzed using TM‐DART for desorption ionization and a high‐resolution mass spectrometer operated in full scan mode for mass analysis. A 22 factorial design of experiment (DOE) was employed to examine the effects of sample volume and sample introduction speed to the DART source. Results Results from analysis of one microliter and sub‐microliter sample volumes were compared by measuring the signal produced by TM‐DART‐MS. Based on an α of 0.05, the lower‐volume samples yielded spectra where the abundance of urea and creatinine ions was reduced, thus significantly improving the TM‐DART‐MS signal for drugs of abuse. Using slower sample introduction speeds increased the time during which the sample was exposed to the heated ionization gas, resulting in a significant increase in the TM‐DART‐MS signal. Conclusions Reducing the sample volume to sub‐microliter levels improved the detection of drugs of abuse present as either individual or multiple components of the untreated urine. The improved signal demonstrates the potential for using sub‐microliter volumes for screening drugs in urine without the need for chromatography or sample pretreatment.

Applications of ambient ionization mass spectrometry in 2020: An annual review

“…69 The study also applied the technique to the analysis of condoms, including the applied lubricants, flavorings, and spermicides, sample positioning. 71 The technique was able to successfully detect both codeine and methadone in raw urine. Fiber spray ionization (FSI)-MS has also been applied to the detection of cocaine in urine.…”

“…Liang et al used transmission mode‐DART‐MS, in which microliter samples of biofluid are first deposited onto a wire mesh substrate prior to exposure to the DART ion source, enabling reproducible sample positioning. 71 The technique was able to successfully detect both codeine and methadone in raw urine. Fiber spray ionization (FSI)‐MS has also been applied to the detection of cocaine in urine.…”

“…DART‐MS has been applied to the detection of exogenous materials in body fluids. Liang et al used transmission mode‐DART‐MS, in which microliter samples of biofluid are first deposited onto a wire mesh substrate prior to exposure to the DART ion source, enabling reproducible sample positioning 71 . The technique was able to successfully detect both codeine and methadone in raw urine.…”