Effect of rare earths on the carburization of steel

Zhou, Yuan; Yu, Zong-Sen; Tan, Panpan; Song, Shenhua

doi:10.1016/s0921-5093(99)00061-1

Cited by 35 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…At 818 °C, howeve r, the alloy s form ed a discon tinuous subsu rface marten site layer toget her with ran dom internal mart ensite grains and carbide s on cooling after reaction. Cer ium oxide is known [11] to catalyse carbon prod uction reaction s. As the presence of CeO 2 at the scale -alloy interface has been predict ed therm odynamicall y and confirmed exp erimental ly by others [12], it is prop osed that its catal ysis of carbon prod uction resul ts in a C > 0.005, but still less than the therm odyn amically possibl e maximum. As a resul t, the Ce-bearing alloy s form ed a (V + carbide ) layer bene ath the surfa ce.…”

mentioning

confidence: 74%

Martensite formation in Fe–9Cr alloys exposed to low carbon activity gas

2013

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confidence: 74%

Martensite formation in Fe–9Cr alloys exposed to low carbon activity gas

2013

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“…RE elements are very high electropositive and reactive, RE in steel may easily combine with oxygen adsorbed on the sample surface to form RE oxides so as to activate the surface . The appropriate amount of Ce can effectively modify inclusions, such as changing their quantity, size, nature, shape and distribution.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Ce on inclusions and corrosion resistance of low‐nickel austenite stainless steel

Cai

2015

Materials & Corrosion

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Effects of Ce on the corrosion resistance of low‐nickel austenite stainless steel containing Ce from 0.005 to 0.022 wt% were investigated in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, 5 wt% H2SO4 solution, 1 mol/L NaHCO3 and 0.5 mol/L Na2CO3 solution. The results demonstrate that addition of Ce to low‐nickel austenite stainless steel forms multi‐phase inclusions containing CeAlO3 and Ce2O2S that can prevent corrosion. Ce addition to steels increases the corrosion resistance owing to metamorphic inclusions and the improvement of electrode potential in the matrix. The pitting corrosion originates from the defects of passive film or inclusions and then continues to expand, deteriorating the pitting corrosion resistance. The EIS measurements indicate that the steels with Ce addition exhibit higher Rp values than that without Ce, which demonstrates the relative resistance to corrosion is accompanied by an increasing Ce addition. AISI 202 stainless steel with 0.016 wt% Ce addition in the mass fraction has the best corrosion resistance.

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“…Nevertheless, with the formation of the Laves phase in Gd x CoCrFeNiCu alloys, the absolute S values decrease. We believe that it is because the rare earth element, Gd, possesses a special [46,47] electronic structure. Moreover, due to the bipolar conduction, the Seebeck coefficient is basically in direct proportion to the temperature, since noticeable minority carriers would be excited at high temperatures [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Y, GdCu, and Al Addition on the Thermoelectric Behavior of CoCrFeNi High Entropy Alloys

Dong

Zhou

Zhang

et al. 2018

Metals

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Thermoelectric (TE) materials can interconvert waste heat into electricity, which will become alternative energy sources in the future. The high-entropy alloys (HEAs) as a new class of materials are well-known for some excellent properties, such as high friction toughness, excellent fatigue resistance, and corrosion resistance. Here, we present a series of HEAs to be potential candidates for the thermoelectric materials. The thermoelectric properties of Y x CoCrFeNi, Gd x CoCrFeNiCu, and annealed Al 0.3 CoCrFeNi were investigated. The effects of grain size and formation of the second phase on thermoelectric properties were revealed. In HEAs, we can reduce the thermal conductivity by controlling the phonon scattering due to the considerable complexity of the alloys. The Y, Gd-doped HEAs are competitive candidate thermoelectric materials for energy conversion in the future.The thermoelectric-power generation or refrigeration device made of thermoelectric material has the advantages of being noise free, zero emission and pollution free, lacking vibration, small volume, etc. It has been applied in deep space exploration and refrigeration, and has great potential in waste heat power generation [20,21].Conventional thermoelectric materials currently in use include Bi 2 Te 3 based, PbTe based and SiGe based, etc. Bi 2 Te 3 is currently the most commercially successful thermoelectric material near room temperature. It is widely used in the field of the thermoelectric refrigeration, and is also the thermoelectric material with the highest power generation efficiency at low temperature [22]. Although Bi 2 Te 3 has been commercialized, its performance can be further improved by doping, composition adjustment, etc. PbTe is the medium temperature thermoelectric material that has been studied for the longest time and PbTe-based materials have been successfully used in the NASA aerospace missions many times since 1960. In recent years, PbTe-based thermoelectric materials have made great progress. The application temperature range of the Si-Ge alloy is more than 1000 K. It has been successfully applied to some deep space detectors. For example, in the radioisotope temperature difference battery of the Cassini Saturn detector, the thermoelectric conversion device is prepared by the Si-Ge alloy. However, the reserves of Te and Ge elements are scarce and very costly; Pb is toxic, pollutes the environment, and endangers people's health. Therefore, the development of environmentally friendly, new low-cost thermoelectric materials is particularly urgent.HEAs are always being studied for their mechanical properties. Maybe many new and unexpected properties remain for us to explore. In the search for TE materials, the performance of this kind of material is estimated by the dimensionless figure of merit, defined as ZT = S 2 Tσ/k [23], where S is the Seebeck coefficient, T is the absolute temperature, σ is the electrical conductivity, and k = k e + k l is the total thermal conductivity, where k e and k l are the electronic and lattice co...

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Effect of rare earths on the carburization of steel

Cited by 35 publications

References 3 publications

Martensite formation in Fe–9Cr alloys exposed to low carbon activity gas

Martensite formation in Fe–9Cr alloys exposed to low carbon activity gas

Effects of Ce on inclusions and corrosion resistance of low‐nickel austenite stainless steel

Effects of Y, GdCu, and Al Addition on the Thermoelectric Behavior of CoCrFeNi High Entropy Alloys

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