Calcium phosphate chemical conversion coatings with the additions of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and dodecanesulfonic acid sodium (DSS), respectively, were prepared on the surface of the Mg-8Li alloy. The surface and cross-sectional corrosion morphologies, compositions, and corrosion behavior of the coated surfaces in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution were respectively investigated by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), electrochemical workstation, hydrogen evolution apparatus, and optical microscope (OM). The results demonstrated that Ca-P coatings had a petal-like structure being composed of leaf-like particles. After being respectively performed for 30 min in conversion solutions containing SLS and DSS, the corresponding average film thicknesses of surface coatings were 27 μm and 7 μm. In addition, the corrosion current densities of coated surfaces by using the conversion solutions containing SLS and DSS were 1.438 × 10−5 A·cm−2 and 4.719 × 10−5 A·cm−2, respectively. The effect of surfactants on phosphate chemical conversion coating was discussed in detail.