Effect of Quality and Quantity of Study on Student Grades

The association between reading time and students' performance in a surgery clerkship

“…Dole et al (1991) write that although students' previous knowledge is important in understanding reading comprehension, the strategies that they use to understand the material are also important. Wong's (1985) review of self-questioning instructional research and the results from studies by Dickinson and O'Connell (1990) and Bing-You et al (1994) suggest that medical students, like other students, need to engage in reading strategies such as organizing and reviewing behavior or self-questioning techniques if they are to increase their comprehension of reading material. The work of others, as discussed above, has shown that comprehension strategies are incorporated into reading and study time, and that students' intentions with regard to their reading material (i.e., surface vs. deep processing) may also affect achievement.…”

Summarize, Synthesize, and Space: The Relative Effects of Organization, Repetition, and Spacing on Student Performance

“…Both the business (Hansen 2003) and nonbusiness literatures (Bianco and McCormick 1989;Gurung and Daniel 2005;Reigeluth and Darwazeh 1982) support the notion that student organization of course materials leads to improved learning and retention. For example, in their study of 113 undergraduate students, Dickinson and O'Connell (1990) find that the relationship between examination performance and time spent organizing course content is stronger than the relationship between performance and total study time. Similarly, Hansen (2003) concludes that the process of "outlining" assists in the long-term memory storage of large and diverse sets of information and improves undergraduate marketing student performance and learning through the mechanisms of chunking, rehearsal, and elaboration.…”

The Effects of Rereading, Self‐selected Strategy Use, and Rehearsal on the Immediate and Delayed Understanding of Text

“…What little research that is available on the topic suggests that total study time is generally not a factor in performance (Dickinson & O'Connell, 1990). This time on task issue involves the cost/benefit factor which states that given the same amount of time to complete a task, what kinds of strategies will lead to the largest performance payoff?…”