Effect of protruding roughness elements on wave overtopping

Raby, Alison; Othman, Ilya Khairanis; Jayaratne, Ravindra; Bullock, Geoffrey N.; Bredmose, Henrik

doi:10.1680/cmsb.41318.0054

Cited by 2 publications

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“…The description of an ocean surface roughness, including asymmetric surface effects, has been studied both theoretically and experimentally [1]- [3]. To a first approximation, an ocean surface can be considered as a linear superposition of statistically independent time records of free waves described by their energy spectrum [4], [5]; however, the non-linearity of wave interactions [6], such as surf beats [7], wave breaking [8], and energy transfer between wave components [9], which are important in later stages of wave development and determine the equilibrium state [10], [11], could not be accounted for [12]- [14]. Therefore, statistical formulations utilizing high-order energy cumulants of the scattering process in the presence of wind-waves have been used to describe the continuous interactions and energy exchanges, comprising the ocean and atmosphere, hereinafter referred to as random ocean media (ROM) [15], [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Directional Wave Scattering Distribution Modes Analysis and Synthesis of Random Ocean Media Roughness for SAR Electromagnetic Interactions Using Feature Fusion in Dynamic Sea States: A Survey

Shahrezaei,

Kim

2024

IEEE Access

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Ocean waves have long been a research topic, and numerous formulas of the ocean wave spectrum have been widely developed to provide new prospects for ocean experiments and the advancement of radar probing. Nonetheless, the wave spectra developed by researchers fall short of the standards set by remote sensing specialists, mainly due to the limitation of capturing the surface roughness influenced by both short and long waves, prompting ongoing efforts to develop a model covering a diverse scale of wavenumbers in the absence of a generally recognized reference formula. In response, a standard two-scale formulation of wave frequency spectra (WFS) was introduced, where wave height and spectral peak period are determined by sea state. The proposed composite WFS holds the potential to incorporate directional spreading, contributing to the angular distribution of ocean wave energy in the form of directional WFS, making it applicable for ocean modeling. In an effort to investigate directionality effects, an array of well-established spreading functions, including cosine-squared, half-cosine 2s, parameterized half-cosine 2s, hyperbolic secant-squared, and composite structured functions, has been developed here for numerical modeling of random ocean media (ROM) surface roughness and synthesized for their spectral scattering distribution mode, encompassing scattering pattern, scattering orientation, and fractal roughness properties. Nonetheless, the generated ROM models, each varying due to inherent limitations in directional WFS formulation and numerical approximations, demonstrate indeterminacy and unpredictability in surface features, posing challenges for accurately synthesizing ROM roughness patterns. These challenges intensify under varying sea states and different directional WFS formulas, leading to a situation where no single synthesized composite ROM model consistently outperforms the others, rendering them imprecise frameworks for analyzing roughness patterns and investigating texture electromagnetic interactions within the realm of remote sensing. As an approach, a pattern-sensitive fusion method is proposed, employing a multi-scale transform domain (MTD) fusion scheme that leverages the learning potential of a deep super resolution network. The objective is to fuse the reconstructed ROM roughness models, generating an optimal roughness while maintaining their scattering pattern, scattering orientation, and dominant directionality, pivotal for texture consistency and, consequently, the backscattering properties from the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) viewpoint. To validate the reliability of ROM modeling and its roughness synthesis, including the texture fusion and raw data generation, a comprehensive objective quality assessment technique is utilized. These assessments demonstrate the complete consistency of the simulation results with the underlying spectral theory, highlighting their potential contribution to projects related to ocean radar probing and remote sensing.INDEX TERMS Directional wave frequency spe...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Directional Wave Scattering Distribution Modes Analysis and Synthesis of Random Ocean Media Roughness for SAR Electromagnetic Interactions Using Feature Fusion in Dynamic Sea States: A Survey

Shahrezaei,

Kim

2024

IEEE Access

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A comprehensive review on structural tsunami countermeasures

et al. 2022

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Tsunamis pose a substantial threat to coastal communities around the globe. To counter their effects, several hard and soft mitigation measures are applied, the choice of which essentially depends on regional expectations, historical experiences and economic capabilities. These countermeasures encompass hard measures to physically prevent tsunami impacts such as different types of seawalls or offshore breakwaters, as well as soft measures such as long-term tsunami hazard assessment, tsunami education, evacuation plans, early-warning systems or coastal afforestation. Whist hard countermeasures generally aim at reducing the inundation level and distance, soft countermeasures focus mainly on enhanced resilience and decreased vulnerability or nature-based wave impact mitigation. In this paper, the efficacy of hard countermeasures is evaluated through a comprehensive literature review. The recent large-scale tsunami events facilitate the assessment of performance characteristics of countermeasures and related damaging processes by in-situ observations. An overview and comparison of such damages and dependencies are given and new approaches for mitigating tsunami impacts are presented.

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Effect of protruding roughness elements on wave overtopping

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Directional Wave Scattering Distribution Modes Analysis and Synthesis of Random Ocean Media Roughness for SAR Electromagnetic Interactions Using Feature Fusion in Dynamic Sea States: A Survey

Directional Wave Scattering Distribution Modes Analysis and Synthesis of Random Ocean Media Roughness for SAR Electromagnetic Interactions Using Feature Fusion in Dynamic Sea States: A Survey

A comprehensive review on structural tsunami countermeasures

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