Effect of Priming With Carrier on Response to Conjugate Vaccine

Strategies to alleviate original antigenic sin responses to influenza viruses

“…This selective suppression is not unique to murine models of haptencarrier systems. Human volunteers previously vaccinated with tetanus and later receiving a vaccine consisting of malaria sporozoite peptide conjugated to tetanus showed suppression of the antimalaria response (7). The precise mechanism of this epitopic suppression remained enigmatic until studies in 1998, Moser and colleagues provided significant insight into the cellular basis of carrier-mediated hapten suppression (8).…”

Analysis of Immunological Nonresponsiveness to the 19-Kilodalton Fragment of Merozoite Surface Protein 1 ofPlasmodium yoelii: Rescue by Chemical Conjugation to Diphtheria Toxoid (DT) and Enhancement of Immunogenicity by Prior DT Vaccination

“…A number of studies have focused on the use of universal helper T-cell epitopes to provide help for B cells, thereby enhancing the immunogenicity of small-subunit-based vaccines (1,17,24). While conjugating B-cell epitopes (haptens) to proteins is a more classical approach to providing T-cell help (21) and one that would result in immunological responsiveness among a greater proportion of the population, some studies have suggested that prior exposure to the protein can result in a diminished response to the hapten following protein-hapten immunization (8,11,23,(26)(27)(28). However, this is not necessarily observed (8,23,29), and furthermore, protein-protein conjugates have not been studied extensively.…”

“…While conjugating B-cell epitopes (haptens) to proteins is a more classical approach to providing T-cell help (21) and one that would result in immunological responsiveness among a greater proportion of the population, some studies have suggested that prior exposure to the protein can result in a diminished response to the hapten following protein-hapten immunization (8,11,23,(26)(27)(28). However, this is not necessarily observed (8,23,29), and furthermore, protein-protein conjugates have not been studied extensively. If prior exposure to a protein vaccine (such as diphtheria toxoid [DT]) resulted in enhanced immunogenicity following subsequent immunization with a DT-protein vaccine, then this would be an additional strategy to develop a vaccine that is highly immunogenic in a large proportion of the population.…”

Immunization and chemical conjugation of Bm95 obtained from Pichia pastoris enhances the immune response against vaccinal protein and Neisseria meningitidis capsular polysaccharide

“…24,25 Previous studies have shown a reduced anti-polysaccharide antibody response attributable to the excess of carrier protein or carrier-mediated epitope suppression. [26][27][28][29][30][31] Clinical studies of coadministration of conjugate vaccines using the same carrier protein have yielded inconsistent data related to immune interference and vaccine efficacy. 32 The present study aims to take advantage of the immunogenic and particulate properties of Bm95 to develop glycoconjugated vaccines.…”