Effect of pressure, temperature, pH, and carbon monoxide on oil yields from cellulose liquefaction

Donovan, J.M.; Molton, P.M.; Demmitt, T.F.

doi:10.1016/0016-2361(81)90082-x

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The use of CO/H 2 O as a reaction medium for liquefaction of algae has not been examined in depth, even though CO/H 2 O has been found to be an effective reactant for increasing the yields of useful products for other substrates, such as oil shale, low-rank coal, , wood, peat, cellulose, and lignohemicellulosic waste,, particularly in the presence of catalysts. The production of hydrogen from the water in the algae leads to a potential reduction in the amount of drying required, especially as the water has no inhibiting effect. , The only work in which algae were reacted under CO/H 2 O appears to be that of Matsui et al, who reacted algae/methylnaphthalene mixtures under CO/H 2 O with a Fe(CO) 5 S catalyst.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactions with CO/H₂O of Two Marine Algae and Comparison with Reactions under H₂ and N₂

et al. 2014

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The reactions of a strain of marine alga Chlorococcum sp. and of a polystrain containing a mixture of marine algae with CO/H 2 O have been studied. The yields and chemical composition of the products obtained from the reactions with CO/ H 2 O were compared with those using N 2 and H 2 . The effects of selected potential catalysts (Na 2 CO 3 , NaAlO 2 , and Fe) and the water-to-algae ratio on the product yields and composition when the reactions were carried out under CO/H 2 O are also described. Both algae gave high product yields at 285 °C, but the quality of the product as a liquid fuel increased at higher temperature. The reactions with CO/H 2 O tended to give higher oil yields and higher-quality products (lower nitrogen, higher atomic H/C ratio) than those using H 2 or N 2 and, in addition, reduced the amount of dewatering of the algae that is required.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactions with CO/H₂O of Two Marine Algae and Comparison with Reactions under H₂ and N₂

et al. 2014

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“…It is clear that more organic compounds were detected at 390 °C than at 300 °C, possibly owing to the increased degree of decomposition through reactions like cracking and hydrolysis at elevated liquefaction temperatures . Instead of CO 2 , the use of CO for the liquefaction process can facilitate the in situ formation of hydrogen by the water–gas shift reaction (CO+H 2 O⇄H 2 +CO 2 ), thus combining thermochemical treatment with hydrogenolysis/hydrogenation in a single pot to further break down and stabilize the degradation species …”

Section: Co2‐enabled Direct Thermal Treatment Of Biomassmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[118] Instead of CO 2 , the use of CO for the liquefaction process can facilitate the in situ formation of hydrogen by the watergas shift reaction( CO + H 2 OQH 2 + CO 2 ), thus combining thermochemical treatment with hydrogenolysis/ hydrogenation in as ingle pot to further break down and stabilizethe degradation species. [119,120]…”

Section: Pyrolysis and Liquefactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CO₂‐Enabled Biomass Fractionation/Depolymerization: A Highly Versatile Pre‐Step for Downstream Processing

et al. 2020

ChemSusChem

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Lignocellulosic biomass is inevitably subject to fractionation and depolymerization processes for enhanced selectivity toward specific products, in most cases prior to catalytic upgrading of the three main fractions—cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Among the developed pretreatment techniques, CO2‐assisted biomass processing exhibits some unique advantages such as the lowest critical temperature (31.0 °C) with moderate critical pressure, low cost, nontoxicity, nonflammability, ready availability, and the addition of acidity, alongside easy recovery by pressure release. This Review showcases progress in the study of sub‐ or supercritical CO2‐mediated thermal processing of lignocellulosic biomass—the key pre‐step for downstream conversion processes. The auxo‐action of CO2 in biomass pretreatment and fractionation, along with the involved variables, direct degradation of untreated biomass in CO2 by gasification, pyrolysis, and liquefaction with relevant conversion mechanisms, and CO2‐enabled depolymerization of lignocellulosic fractions with representative reaction pathways are summarized. Moreover, future prospects for the practical application of CO2‐assisted up‐ and downstream biomass‐to‐bioproduct conversion are also briefly discussed.

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“…However, there is a large class of woody materials for which CO/H 2 O appears to be of little benefit in high-temperature liquefaction. These include aspen poplar, Pinus radiata, and separated cellulose . For isolated lignin, one study found a favorable effect of CO/H 2 O and two did not. , To understand how and why the reaction of some substrates is favored by CO/H 2 O relative to an inert atmosphere or H 2 whereas that of other substrates is not, reactions of a hardwood species, blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus) (BG), were compared with those of a fossil wood (FW) consisting mainly of lignin derivatives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermochemical Reactions of Blue Gum and Fossil Wood with CO/H₂O: Some Mechanistic Comments

Subagyono¹,

Marshall²,

Jackson³

et al. 2016

Energy Fuels

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Our previous work suggested that liquid product yields from wood, unlike those from other biomass types, were not increased by CO/H2O reaction. Reactions of blue gum (BG) and fossil wood (FW) using high-temperature, high-pressure reactions have been investigated to define more precisely the biomass types for which CO/H2O is beneficial in liquefaction and to help understand the mechanism of the reaction. BG contains 25% lignin and 45% cellulose, whereas FW consists almost entirely of lignin derivatives with negligible cellulose derivatives. The effects of gas, water, and alkali have been investigated separately. Reactions of BG gave similar results under N2, H2, or CO with or without added alkali, and improved yields were obtained with an increase in the water-to-biomass ratio. These results are in agreement with the reactivity of BG being mainly associated with its carbohydrate content. In contrast, the product yield from FW was enhanced by the use of CO and further enhanced by the addition of a strong base, sodium aluminate. Some of the effect of alkali addition is associated with the extraction of humic materials from the much greater amount of lignin present in FW. The beneficial effects of CO and alkali are both consistent with the greater phenolic content of FW. Surprisingly, increasing the water-to-biomass ratio for FW led to a dramatic decrease in conversion to liquid products. The highest-quality products in terms of lower oxygen content were obtained from reactions of both BG and FW with CO/H2O/alkali.

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Effect of pressure, temperature, pH, and carbon monoxide on oil yields from cellulose liquefaction

Cited by 17 publications

References 7 publications

Reactions with CO/H₂O of Two Marine Algae and Comparison with Reactions under H₂ and N₂

Reactions with CO/H₂O of Two Marine Algae and Comparison with Reactions under H₂ and N₂

CO₂‐Enabled Biomass Fractionation/Depolymerization: A Highly Versatile Pre‐Step for Downstream Processing

Thermochemical Reactions of Blue Gum and Fossil Wood with CO/H₂O: Some Mechanistic Comments

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Effect of pressure, temperature, pH, and carbon monoxide on oil yields from cellulose liquefaction

Cited by 17 publications

References 7 publications

Reactions with CO/H2O of Two Marine Algae and Comparison with Reactions under H2 and N2

Reactions with CO/H2O of Two Marine Algae and Comparison with Reactions under H2 and N2

CO2‐Enabled Biomass Fractionation/Depolymerization: A Highly Versatile Pre‐Step for Downstream Processing

Thermochemical Reactions of Blue Gum and Fossil Wood with CO/H2O: Some Mechanistic Comments

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Reactions with CO/H₂O of Two Marine Algae and Comparison with Reactions under H₂ and N₂

Reactions with CO/H₂O of Two Marine Algae and Comparison with Reactions under H₂ and N₂

CO₂‐Enabled Biomass Fractionation/Depolymerization: A Highly Versatile Pre‐Step for Downstream Processing

Thermochemical Reactions of Blue Gum and Fossil Wood with CO/H₂O: Some Mechanistic Comments