“…The natural radiative lifetime explicitly depends on the refractive index due to the polarizability of the medium surrounding the fluorophore. Indeed, a number of experimental studies verify the dependence of the natural radiative lifetime 0 as well as the fluorescence lifetime of dyes on the refractive index (Olmsted III, 1976;Hirayama and Phillips, 1980;Lampert et al, 1983;Hirayama et al, 1990Hirayama et al, , 1991Magde et al, 1999), and recently Toptygin et al (2002) studied the effect of the refractive index on the radiative rate constant of tryptophan residues. By varying the refractive index with pressure (Hirayama et al, 1991), temperature (Lampert et al, 1983), or by using different solvents (Lampert et al, 1983), the radiative rate constant k r of anthracene derivatives scales approximately with the square of the refractive index.…”